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j

Ml STATES CATHOLIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY

MONOGRAPH IV

THE

CO-^.MOGRAPHl.€

iNTRODUCTIO

OF

%■ ARTIN WALDSEEMULLER

IN FACSIMILE

jwed by the Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci,
with their Translation into English ;

to which are added

Waldseemuller's Two World Maps of 1507
With an Introduction

BY

Pior, JOSEPH nSCHER, S.J., and Prop. FRANZ VON WIESER

EDITED BY

Prof. CHARLES GEORGE HERBERMANN, Ph.D.

NEW YORK

PUBLUHtD BY

THE UNITED STATES CATHOLIC

HISTORICAL SOCIETY

1907

/'

COPYRIGHT, 19

■T

THE UNITED STATES C
HISTORICAL SOC]

LIST OF OFFICERS

Honorary President
Most Rev. John M. Farley, D.D.

President
Charles George HERBERMANN,Ph.D., LL.D., Lit.D.

Vice-President
Stephen Farrelly

Treasurer
Richard S. Treacy, A.B.

Recording Secretary
John £• Cahalan, A.M.

Corresponding Secretary
Joseph H. Fargis, LL.B.

Librarian
Rev. M. J. Considine

Trustees

Rt. Rev. Mgr. Joseph F. Mooney, V.G.
Rt. Rev. Mgr. James H. McGean, LL.D.
Henry Heide Hugh Kelly, LL.D.

Peter Condon, LL.B. Thomas S. O'Brien, LL.D.

Thomas F. Meehan, A.M.

Councillors

Hon. Edward B. Amend, LL.D. William R. King

Rev. Thomas J. Campbell, S.J.

Edward J. McGuire, LL.B.

Rev. John J. Burke, C.S.P.

Rev. Joseph F. Delany, D.D.

PREFACE

Four hundred years ago, in the little town of
St. Di6 in Lorraine, the geographer, Martin
Waldseemaller, published two world maps, one
for use as a globe, the other a flat projection
of the then known world. These two maps
were the first that gave to the new world the
name "America,** which it bears to this day.
At the same time, WaldseemttHer published a
pamphlet of forty pages whose purpose was to
explain the world map and its various features,
its bearings on geographical sides, and its record
of new discoveries. Here the author set forth
his reason for calling the newly found continent
" America/' The pamphlet bore the title, Cos-
mographia Introductio or Introduction to Cos-
mography. By cosmography was meant geog-
r^hy, but WaldseemuUer's little work has
special reference to the world map published at
the same time. As part of the Cosmographia
Introductio appeared a Latin version of the
four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci. It was to
serve as a justification for calling the new world
^'America.**

Preface

The United States Catholic Historical Society,
;sirous of commemorating the four-hundredth
■niversary of this notable event, publishes here-
ith a little memorial volume consisting:

First. Of an excellent facsimile reprint of
e 1507 edition of the Cosmographia Intro-
ctio, which is one of the treasures of the
niversity Library of Strasburg. This also in-
udes the four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci,
mslated into Latin by Jean Basin of Sendacour.
his copy belonged in 1 510 to the celebrated
imanist Beatus Rhenanus of Schlettstadt as ap-
;ars from his name at the foot of the title-page.

Preface

various problems raised by WaldseemflUer's pub-
lications by Prof. Joseph Fischer, S.J., the dis-
coverer of the WaldseemUller map, and Prof. F.
von Wieser of the University of Innsbruck,
whose authoritative scholarship on all questions
touching Martin WaldseemUller is recognized
everywhere.

It is needless to say a word on the appropri-
ateness of this publication at the present time.
Besides its sentimental value, the publication will
oflFer the reader a copy of the oldest map cut in
wood, and probably of the oldest wall map ever
published. The map will exhibit a picture of
the world such as it was known four hundred
years ago and, we may add, substantially such as
it was known to Columbus himself, while the
facsimile of the pamphlet will present us with a
piece of early Strasburg black letter.

The Editor desires to express his warm recog-
nition of the courtesies of Professors Fischer,
S.J., and von Wieser in preparing their authori-
tative exposition of the history and significance
of the Cosmographia Introductio and the accom-
panying documents. He also returns his sincere
thanks to Dr. Leigh Harrison Hunt, Professors
William Fox, August Rupp, and Dr. J. Vincent
Crownc of the College of the City of New
York for valuable assistance given in the prepa-
ration of this work.

vu

INTRODUCTION

By Prof. JOS. FISCHER, S.J.,
AND Prof. FR. v. WIESER, Ph.D.

Four hundred years ago, on the 25th of April,
1507, there appeared in a little out-of-the-way
Vosges village, St. Di6, in Lorraine, a little book
destined to attain great historical importance — a
book which later became of the utmost interest,
particularly for America. The title of the book
is as follows:

COSMOGRAPHI^ INTRODVCTIO,
CVM QVIBVSDAM GEOMETRIC AC
ASTRONOMIC PRINCIPIIS AD EAM
REM NECESSARIIS.

Insuper quatuor Americi Vespucii Navi-
gationes.

Universalis Cosmographiae descriptio tam in
solido quam piano, eis etiam insertis, quae
Ptholomaeo ignota a nuperis reperta sunt.

As appears from the title, this book consists
of two distinct parts: a geographical introduc-
tion {Cosmographia Introductio)^ and an account
of the four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci {^a-
tuor Americi Vespucii Navigationes) . Moreover,

Introduction

!C see that two maps belong to the boult — a
lobe and a plane projection, on which, in
ddition to what was already known to Ptolemy,
11 newly discovered lands are laid down.

This work in its four parts was destined to
itisfy, in great measure, the lively interest
vinced by all classes of that day in geograph-
:al research, and particularly in the marvelous
ccounts of the discoveries recently made by
be Spanish and Portuguese.

The publication met with instant success, and
1 a few months several editions of the text
/ere issued. The map, as WaldseemuUer him-

Introduction

Of the Cosmographia Introduction printed at
St. Di6, in 1 507, omitting mention of later re-
prints/ we have two chief editions: one of the
25 th of April, 1507 (wV KaL Maii)^ and the
other of the 29th of August, 1567 (//// Kal.
Sept.).* Of each of these editions there are two
variants. In one Martinus Ilacomilus (the
GrsBcized form of the name of Waldseemiiller),
and in the other the Gymnasium Vosagense are
named as the editors. These variations appear
in the dedication of the work to the Emperor
Maximilian I:

1 . Divo Maximiliano Casari Augusto Martinus
Ilacomilus f (elicit atem lOptat.

2. Divo Maximiliano Casari semper Augusto
Gynnasium ^(J^f^Vosagense non rudibus indoctisve
artium humanitatis commentatoribus nunc exultans
gloriam cun [\) faslici desiderat principatu.

The Gymnasium Vosagense was composed of

' The Strasburg edition appeared in 1 509, the undated Lyons
edition about 1518.

' Detailed statements regarding the differences in the two
editions and their readings may be found in the following : [M.
D* Avezac] , Martin Hylacomylus WaltzemulUr, ses ouvrages et ses colla-
horateurSi Paris, 1 867 ; H. Harrisse, BibUotheca Americana Vetustis-
sima. New York, 1866, and Additions, Paris, 1872 ; Ed. Meaume,
Richerches critiques et bibliographiques sur Americ Vespuce et ses Voy-
ages (Mdmoires Soc. d'Arch6ologie Lorraine, 3* serie, t. xvi, Nancy,
1888; J. Boyd-Thacher, The Continent of America, Its Discovery
and Its Baptism, New York, 1 896 ; F. v. Wieser in his introduction
to the fiicsimile edition of the Cosmographia Introductio in the col-
lection, Drucke und Holzschnitte des XV. und XVL Jahrhunderts in
getreaer Nachbildung, Strasburg, T. H. Ed. Heitz, 1907.

Introduction

I small group of humanists' which Canon

■alter Ludd, secretary to Duke Rene II of

prraine, had gathered about him, and which

Iblished his works in the printing-house erected

Bere by Ludd himself.' Besides Walter Ludd,

literary circle counted among its most

Bominent members Nicholas Ludd, the nephew

I Walter, Joh. Bastnus Sendacurius, Philesius

Ingmann, and Martin Waldseemiiller. The

It two, it is true, entered the service of the

3 Ludds' only as paid printers; but there

1 be no doubt that Waldseemuller and Ring-

pnn were the most learned members of the

■a^

Introduction

We know that Walter Ludd, the head of
the Gymnasium Vosagense, had not only es-
tablished, as previously mentioned, a printing
office at St. Di6 and was an author, but had
also furnished the money for the publications
produced by other members of the Gymnasium,
and that in the present case he had moreover
procured the necessary scientific material.*

As literary collaborators in the Cosmographia
Introductio are to be mentioned Philesius Ring-
mann and Joh. Basinus Sendacurius. The
former contributed two poems — a shorter dedi-
cated to Emperor Maximilian I, and a longer
intended for the reader. The latter furnished
the Latin version of the four voyages of Amerigo
Vespucci, and as a pre&ce a decastich and a
distich ad lectorem.

There can be no doubt, however, that Mar-
tinus Waldseemiiller (Ilacomilus) must be recog-
nized as the real publisher of the entire work;
for not only did the treatise on cosmography
originate from his pen, but the two maps going
with the work were designed by him. Both
parties, therefore, in a way had the right to
pose as authors of the work. In view, however,
of the fact that Martin Waldseemiiller under-
took the principal task, and that the work
represents in all its scientifically significant parts

' Sec D'Avezac, I.e., p. 65.

1

Introduction

intellectual property, we consider it a point
honor to connect his name forever with the
blication of the Cosmographitx Introductio.
For this reason, also, we have chosen the
iding of the edition of the 25th of April,
07, containing his name and which must
lographically be regarded as the editio princeps,

reproduction in our facsimile edition.
Martin Waldseemiiller' was born between
70-1475, probably at Radoltszelt on Lake
instance. It is established by documentary
dence that his father had lived in Freiburg
ce 1480, at least, and that in 1490 he became

Introduction

was therefore a clergyman in his native diocese
of Constance. Subsequently, he became Canon
at St. Di6, which position he occupied* until his
death, about 1522. Probably Waldseemuller, as
far back as 1505, was engaged at Strasburg,
jointly with Philesius Ringmann, in the study of
the geography and the maps of Ptolemy.' It is
likely that before 1 507 he also spent some time in
Basel and collated in its libraries manuscripts for
the proposed edition of Ptolemy. While there
he became a friend of the printer Amerbach.'
In 1 507 we find both Waldseemuller and Ring-
mann in the printing establishment of Walter
Ludd at St. Di6. There Waldseemuller dis-
played his many-sided activity. He was em-
ployed as a printer — in his letter to the Duke
Ren6, previously mentioned, he styles himself
^^imprtmeur'' — and together with other mem-
bers of the Gymnasium Vosagense he prepared
a new edition of Ptolemy. At the same time,
he worked on various portions of the important
work now engaging our attention.

We shall now proceed to examine more
closely the several portions of the Waldsee-
maller publications of 1507.

'See Gdlois, Bulletin^ I.e., 221 sqq.

*See Ringmann's letter from Strasburg, dated August i« 1505,
in his edition, relative to the third expedition of Amerigo Vespucci,
Di $ra Antarctica ^ Argentina 1505.

'See Waldseemuller' s letter to Amerbach, cited above, dated
April 5, 1507.

1

I

THE OUTLINES OF COSMOGRAPHY

Cosmographieg Introductio

In the nine chapters of his Cosmographia
•ttroductio, WaldseemQller treats the chief teach-
igs of cosmography essentially according to
aditional views.

In the introduction he discusses the principal
leorems of geometry as far as they are needed
ir the understanding of geography; and he

Outlines of Cosmography

The original words of the two passages above
referred to run thus:

r . (p. 25) " ^arta orbispars [quam quia Amer-
icus invenit, Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive
Americam nuncupare licet)."

z. (p. 30) "Sl^arta pars per Americum Vesputium
{ut in sequentibus audietur) inventa est, quam non
video, cur quis jure vetet, ab Americo inventore
sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram
sive Americam dicendam, cum et Europa et Asia
a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomtna."

WaldsecmQller himself carried out this pro-
posal in his publication of 1 507, when he
inscribed on both maps belonging to the Cosmo-
graphia Introductio the word America as the
name of the newly discovered continent. Both
maps are stated to belong to the work not
only on the title-page of the book, but also
in several passages of the text ; in fact,
Waldseemiiller declares outright that the out-
lines of geography, called " Cosmograpkia Intro-
ductio" was but an explanatory text for his large
map of the world, — " Generate nostrum, pro cuius
intelligentia hac scribimus." '

* See p. 13 of tbia fiiaimile edition. The expression •• gtnerak"
u ilfo used eliewhere u synonymous with " Map of ihe World " and
may be found in the letter of WildseemuUer to Amerbach, previoutly
cited, and in the poem of dedicadon by Ringmann to the Emperor
" (S= I.e., p. 2.)

AMERICO VES
§luatuor Americi Vespuci

On the title-page of t\
which contains the account c
of Amerigo Vespucci/ the tr.
he had done it into Latin fr
" de vulgari Gallico in Latini

The dedication prefacing'
of the journey runs thus:

^^ Illustrissimo Renato Iherus.
duct Lothoringia ac Bamensi^
humilem reverentiam et debitam

According to this, Amerij
evidently have sent the sto:
written in French, to Ren6, t
Jerusalem and Duke of Lorra

Walter Ludd, too, declares

Four Voyages of Vespucci

work Ludd also informs us that it was he who
urged its translation into Latin, and that he
had entrusted Joh. Basinus with its execution:
^^Sluarum etiam regionum descriptionem ex Portu-
gallia ad te^ Illustrissime rex Renate^ gallico sermone
missam "Joannes Basinus Sendacurius insignis poeta^
a me exoratus qua pollet elegantia latine interpret

tavitr '

Now it seems very strange that an Italian like
Amerigo Vespucci should have sent an account
of his voyages from Portugal to the Duke of
Lorraine and in the French language. It may
be conceded that Duke Ren6 may have received
the account of Amerigo Vespucci from Portugal
at the same time when he received the Portu-
guese • sea-charts, a question we shall consider
later. It is possible, also, that Vespucci wrote
his report in French, for we know that in his
youth he sojourned in France for some time
as secretary of one of his relatives, who was the
Florentine envoy at the court of Louis XI.*
But it is inconceivable that Amerigo Ves-
pucci should have addressed his report to the
Duke of Lorraine. With Duke Ren6 Vespucci

* Concerning this work of the utmost rarity and interest see R . H.
Mi^or, Memoir on a mappemonde by Leonardo da Vinci Archseologia
Vol. XL. (London, 1865) p. 21 and 31; Harrisse, B,A,F. p. 99
scq. D'Avczac, I.e., 65 ; F. v. Wicser, Magalhaes-Strasse, p. 118.

•Cf. on this point G. Uzielli, Toscanelli 1893, p. 13 et seq.,
23 et seq.; L. GdUois, I.e., Bulletin 1900, p. 72.

TI

of his uncle, G. Antonio Ves
we can entertain no doubt tl:
send his account to Duke R<
know that Vespucci was an
fellow-student of his countr
rini, subsequently Gonfalon
The passage quoted from
well as the address used, " Vut
in the Italian edition of th
tiones is quite applicable t<
passages as well as others r<
were inadvertently reprodu-
translation, while all other
the recipient of the letter w<
fit Duke Rene of Lorraine.

It seems more than prob
wrote the account of hi{
Soderini in Italian. As a n

Four Voyages of Vespucci

exists a very ancient printed edition of the work
which, while undated, must belong to the six-
teenth century, judging from its typography.*
This original Italian edition was then translated
into French and thence into Latin by Basinus
Sendacurius at St. Di6. Waldseemttller in the
Cosmographia Introductio (p. i8) explicitly states:
** ^atuor Navigationes ex Italico sermone in Gallic
cum et ex Gallico in latinum versa'' It must
be left undecided whether the French version
was actually translated in Portugal as intimated
by Walter Ludd, or whether it was made
in Paris, a city with which Duke Ren6, of
course, was in constant communication. It is
also doubtful whether the flattering substitution
of the name of Ren6 as the intended recipient
of the report was made while it was being
translated into French or by Basinus Sendacurius.'

* In regard to the different edidons of the Vespucci letters and the
literature dealing therewith, read besides the works cited above,
D'AvezaCy Meaume, Gallois, and particularly Harrisse Bibliotbeca
Americana Vetustissima^ p. 55 et seq., and Additions p. xxii et seq.,

F. A. de Vamhagen, Amerigo Vespucciy son car act ere, ses ecrits (m ernes
lis moins authentiques), sa vie et ses navigations, Lima 1865, P- 9 ^^
seq. amd 27 et seq., amd the introductions of the 2 facsimile-edidons of
the *«Lettera" by B. Quaritch, London 1885 and 1893.

* The Latin text of Sendacurius was included by Simon Grynxus in
hit well-known collection of voyages, Nov us or bis (Basel 1532, Paris
1532, Basel 1537 and 1555; a German edition appeared 1534. In
more recent times M. F. Navarrete reprinted the endre Latin text in
his Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos. III, Madrid 1829,
p. 191 et seq.; F. A. de Vamhagen, Amerigo Vespucci p. 34 et seq.;

G. Bcrchet Fonte Italiane per la storea della Scoperta del nuovo
mondo, Rome 1893, et aq.; J. Boyd-Thacher, I.e., reproduces the
report of the first voyage.

13

of the South American Contii
ing to his own statement, c
voyage he reached as far so
second degree of latitude and
inhospitable coast.

In a separate account, dealir
voyage and published in num<
tions, he conceived the vast t
southern hemisphere to be one
and called it the "New \\

novus.''

It is therefore not surprisin
mflller got the impression that h
was the discoverer of the nev^
conceived the idea of calling tl:
AMERICA in his honor.

Ill

WALDSEEMULLER'S LARGE WORLD

MAP OF 1507

Plate I

The map of the world which belongs to the
Cosmographia Introductio is called Universalis
Cosmographia descriptio in piano on the title-page
of the book.* Until quite recently this map was
thought to be lost. From reduced copies
made* by the Swiss cosmographer, Henricus
Glareanus, which have but lately come to light,
it was possible, however, to obtain a fair

* The two maps belonging to the Cosmographia Introductio are
fi^uently referred to in the text as " Totius orbis typus tarn in solido
quam piano ^^* also " Cosmographia tarn soHda quam plana ^^^ or by
other terms. Sec pp. 3, 4, 20, 37, etc., of our fiicsimile.

• Of the two reductions of this map by Glareanus the one was
found by Fr. v. Wieser in a copy of the Cosmographia Introductio
belonging to the University Library at Munich, the other by A. Elter
in a copy of the Ulm-Ptolemy of 1482 belonging to the University
Library at Bonn. In this latter work it is explicitly stated, " Secutuj
Geographum Deodatensem seu potius Vosagensem^ See Fr. v. Wieser,
MagalhaeS'Strasse und Austral- Continent ; Innsbruck, 1 88 1 , pp. 1 2,
26; A. Elter, De Henrico Glare ano geographo et antiquisstma
forma ** America " commentatio ; festschrift der Bonner Universitat,
1 896, p. 7 et seq. Sec also E. Oberhummer, Ztaei handschriftliche
Karten des Glareanus in der Munchener- Universitatsbibliothek ( Jahres-
bericht der Geogr.-Gesellschaft in MUnchen 1892, p. 67 sq.), Edw.
Heawood, Glareanus, his Geography and Maps (in the Geographical
Journal, London, 1905, p. 647 et seq.). C. F. Cloat, Glareanus
(in the Royal Engineers Journal, 190$, p. 303).

15

oo

the princely house of Waldburg
A facsimile edition of this r
the utmost importance to the h
raphy and of the age of transn
was published in 1903, togeth
haustive commentary by Jos. Fi
Wieser in both German and En
Although Waldseemaller in t
Introductio remarks that his mj
dimensions than the globe; an<
eanus in the Munich edition c
more sharply emphasizes the
Waldseemiiller's map/ the newlj
print nevertheless caused a sensai
of its impressive size, abundant
the artistic merit of its adornm<
consists of twelve sections engr;

* Die alteste Karte mit dem Namen Amerih

Waldseemuller' s Large Map of i^oj

and is arranged in three zones, each of which
contains four sections. Each section measures
to its edge 45.5x62 cm. (18x24^ in.). The
map, covering thus a space of three square
meters — about 36 square feet — represents the
earth's form in a modified Ptolemaic coniform
projection with curved meridians. On the lower
edge, in capital letters, the title is thus inscribed :
^'UNIVERSALIS COSMOGRAPHIA SE-
CUNDUM PTHOLOMMI TRADITIO-
NEM ET.AMERICI VESPUCII ALIOR-
UM^UE LUSTRATIONESr

The name of the author of this work is no-
Avhere stated nor the date or place of its pub-
lication. By circumstantial evidence, however,
it can be proved without the shadow of a doubt
that at last we have Waldseemttller's long-lost
large map of the earth, belonging to the Cosmo-
graphia Introductio. Among these proofs are
the following :

1. Its perfect agreement with the two copies
of Glareanus, both in projection and in the out-
line of the several countries.

2. The conformity of the map to all the
statements made regarding its details in the
Cosmographia Introduction such as:

a. The title. Universalis Cosmographia.

b. The designation of the several countries by

means of the coats of arms of their re-

17

of Egypt, the Go!
ing Irons of the
Anchor of the G
the Red Cross of
Royal Arms of {
the newly discove

c. The use of small <

places dangerous i

d. The name of "An

newly discovered

e. The fact that the

named and depict

f. The agreement of i

chart with those i:

graphia Introductit

3. The explicit referen

by Waldseemiiller himself

of \t\f\ wViirVi Viae i\\t^ c

W aldseeniuller' s Large Map of i^oj

quern ante annos paucos absolutum non sine grandt
labore ex Ptolomei traditione^ auctore profecto pra
nimia vetustate vix nostris temporibus cognito^ in
lucem edideramus et in mille exemplaria exprimi
curavimus. . . . Additis non paucis^ qua per mar-
cum civem venetum . . . . et Cristoforum Colum-
bum et Americum Vesputium capitaneos Portugal-
lenses lustrata fuere .

The antithesis of the Ptolemaic tradition and
the new discoveries of the Spaniards and Portu-
guese is pictorially expressed on the Waldsee-
mailer map of 1 507 by the busts of Ptolemy
and Amerigo Vespucci.

The principal basis of Waldseemflller*s large
mappemonde were no doubt the maps of
Claudius Ptolemy, which Waldseemiiller knew
from the Ptolemy edition published at Ulm in
i486. The Tabula modema of the same edi-
tion gave him additional aid in the representa-
tion of Italy, Spain, France, and the territories
of the North. In designing Germany, he made
good use of Ezlaub's map for travelers,* pub-
lished a short time previously. Another source
of information were the travels of Marco Polo,
which he utilized for his designs of northern
and eastern Asia as well as of the southern and

* Sec A. Wolkcnhaucr, Vber die alt est en Reisekarten von Deutsch-
land aus dem Ende des Tf. u, ' dem Anfang des i6. Jahrhunderts
(Deutsche Geographischc Blatter, vol. xzvi, fiisc. 3 & 4, Bremen^
1903).

19

— »' • A ' i^ •*& v«

on the Globe of Martin Bel
representation of the interio;
was at Waldseemiiller's disp<
Special Map of Abyssinia^ wl
however, he wrongly localize
Blue Nile appear to discharj
the White Nile from the left
the territory about Lake Tar
South Afi'ica.

For his designs of the Ian
by the Spaniards and Port
miiller, according to his o\^
lowed certain sea-charts, cart
sumus* We can prove positiv
miiller made use of two Por
in preparing his large map of
of them must have been of th<
Hamy map, formerlv known as

Waldseemuller' s Large Map of i^oj

WaldseemuUer's principal cartographic source
of information, however, regarding the newly
discovered territories was, as we have shown in
our earlier work,* the Canerio map^ From Canerio
Waldseemuller borrowed both the outlines and
the legends for the representation of the coasts
of the New World and South Africa.

The agreement of the two charts is so marked
and extends to so many minor details of drawing
in precisely the same places — as, for instance,
the placing of the Padrios, of the elephant m
South Africa, of the armorial bearings, etc., in
precisely the same positions — that it could not
have been a map of the Canerio type which served
Waldseemuller as the chief reference for his great
work, but must have been Canerio's map itself,
now preserved in the Naval Archives of Paris.

W aldseemuller' s great map of the world produced
a profound and lasting impression on cartography ;
it was a map of wholly new type and represented
the earth with a grandeur never before attempted.

Ere many years had elapsed, many reduced
copies of the work appeared; for instance, in
1 5 1 o the above-mentioned manuscript reproduc-

Etudes hist, et geogr,, Paris, 1896. Sec also Nordcnskiold, Periplus,
plate xlv.

* Fischer and v. Wieser, The Oldest Map, p. 27 ct seq.

• L. Gallois, Le Portulan de Nocolas de Canerio, in the Bulletin
de la Societe de g'eogr, de Lyon, 1 890 ; G. Marcel, Reproductions de
cartes et de globes, Paris, 1 893 ; Harrisse, Discovery of North America,
pK »v.

21

the busts of Ptolemy and
the upper edge of the larj
reproduced in the origins
by Joh. Stobnicza in his
Cosmographiam^ printed in
in manuscript form by G
Manster.

Waldseemiiller's map c
widely spread by numeroi
those of Joh. Schoner, '.
Vadian, Sebastian Miins
Kaspar Vopelius, and Abr

In the little mappemor
graphia^ attached to the
the Rudimenta Cosmographic
humanist, Joh. Honteru
thence into other works, \
Map continued to exist ]

IV

WALDSEEMULLER'S GLOBE OF 1507

Plate II

The reference made in the title of the Cosmo-
graphia Introductio to a ** Universalis cosmographia
descriptio tarn in solido quam piano'' has been vari-
ously interpreted by scholars studying Waldsee-
maller's works. On the one hand the view was
taken that the expression referred to two maps,
one of which, in solido^ represented a small chart
in the form of a planisphere ; while on the other
hand it was contended that the words " tarn in
solido quam piano *' signified but one complete map,
on which small hemispherical supplementary
maps had been inscribed in addition to the large
chart.* This latter contention was apparently
justified by the rediscovery of Waldseemuller's
map of 1507; for here are actually two small
supplementary maps above the large one, repre-
senting, respectively, the Eastern and Western
Hemisphere. On closer examination, however,
it is clear that these two hemispherical charts

* Breusing, Leitfad^n durch das Wiegenalter der Kartografhie^
Frankfurt, 1883, p. 31.
•Eltcr, I.e., pp. 21, 23.

grees of latitude; for whil
equator is marked in accon
tion derived from sea-charts
the voyages of Vespucci, on
according to the system oi
however, we compare the '.
with the main map, no dif
ceived in their location of
to the countries of the worl
noticeable on the western o
There exists, however, in
tenstein Collection at Vien
sentation of the terrestrial
only one hitherto found,' wl
statements published in -the
duetto. The coast of Guinc
proaches about ten degrees c
than on the large map of

fValdseemuller' s Globe of l^oy

small charts representing the hemispheres. In
Central America the Tropic of Cancer appears
to the south of Hayti, while on the large map
of the world its course is laid directly through
the island of Isabella, or Cuba, as it is now
called.

In the representation of America on the
Hauslab'Liechtenstein globe the degrees of lati-
tude correspond exactly with those found on
contemporary Spanish and Portuguese maps such
as those of Juan de la Cosa, of Bartholomeo
Colombo, of the Hamy map, of the Cantino,
and of the Canerio maps.

While the degrees of latitude of Africa do not
exactly follow those of the Portuguese maps,
Waldseemiillcr still being greatly influenced in
these by Ptolemy, the Hauslab- Liechtenstein
globe-strips correspond in every other particular
with the details of the large map of 1 507.

Attached to an edition of the Cosmographia
Introductio published in Lyons there is a small
printed chart representing the globe, which
corresponds with the Hauslab- Liechtenstein copy
not only in the drawing and the disposition of
the various territories, but also in the degrees of
latitude above mentioned.

From all these fects we may safely infer that
in the Hauslab-Liechtenstein globe-strips we
possess the long-sought-for Waldseemiiller globe

25

u

by John Grieninger, an extn
and publisher, on which WaL
milus) name appears as d
Grieninger, who was give
literature, at the same time ]
translation of the S^uatuor Na
two editions appeared in cl
about Mid-Lent, the other
supplement to this German
an account of the four voyag
pucci, a small booklet was f
inger, entitled Der welt
[Description of the Globe). ^

^ F. A. de Varnhflgeiiy Jo, Scbdmr <
Infiuencia de um o outro e de varies de set
1872, p. 47 et teq. L. Gtllois, Les
Renaissance^ Paris, 1 890, p. 48 et seq. , tn<

• Cosmographia Introductio P.

opus Ingeniosus vir Joannes Griniger,
super sesquimillesimum ncno. Harrisse, B

Waldseemuller^s Globe of i^oj

A few months later, toward the end of Au-
gust, 1509, another publication by Grieninger
appeared, entitled Globus mundi declaration which
is a Latin translation of T>er welt kugel Beschry^
bung. In both these descriptions of the globe,
reference is made not only to a small sphere
belonging to the work but also to " unser grosse
Mappa.''^ Considering all that has been said
we cannot resist the conjecture that by this small
globe and this large " Mappa*' are meant Wald-
seemtlller's two charts and that they are new
impressions from the original woodcuts of
1507/

As regards the large map of the world this
may be unhesitatingly admitted, for there is
nothing whatever known of a later edition ; and

tnUhs hie angezogt und vergUicht iiner rotunden kuglen, die dan
jnnderlich gematht hie zu gehirende, darin der Kauffman und ein
ietiicher sehen und mercken mag^ toie die menschen unden gegen uns
wemen und wie die son umhgang, herin beschriben mit vil seltzamen
Jimgen, Getruckt zu Strassburg. Von Johanne Gruniger im yar
M.D. IX uffostern, Johanne Adelpho castigatore, Harrisscy Add,,
p. 43 ct acq.

' fFsi toeit aber also sei von einem ort zu dem andern, daz ist
mjsslich in dieser kleinen Kuglen zi toussen der grad halb so alhie nit
mogen beschriben noch beziichnet werdenn, sonder so du das begerest
zg missen, Mustu unser grosse Mappa anschautoen, ** Der welt Kugel
Bisebrybung,** Ctp. zu.

In the Latin edition. Globus mundi declaration this pftragraph reads
ct foQows : Quantum vero locus unus a reliquo distat, difficile cognitu
4tt in hoc parvo globo propter gradus qui assignari omnes non possunt in
40. Si vero idipsum scire volueris mappam majorem considerabis cos'
Mographia plarnt, in quacertius ac verius apprehendes secundum longum
at latum extensos.

'This o|»nion was ab-eady (1900) set forth by L. Gallois,
Bulletin^ I.e., p. 78 et seq.

27

of the small globe in Germa
this important aid to the s
coveries accessible to the ge
representation of the globe
both the German and Lati
point to this. This vignette
sphere on which the varioi
tributed in exactly the same
large globe of i 507, but w
The small slice of the newly
Continent does not bear the
ica," but that of "niiw welt
From this it must not, 1:
that the German globe did :
word "America," as in th
tion of the globe both e:
indifferently to designate t\

prpH hv Vesnucci.

W aldseemuller s Globe of j^oj

Tabula terra nova of the Ptolemy edition pub-
lished in Strasburg, 1 5 1 3, the map of the world
in the Strasburg edition of the Margarita philo-
sophica of 1515, and the large Carta Marina of
1516.

Waldseemuller subsequently became con-
vinced that Amerigo Vespucci should not be
regarded as the true discoverer of the New
World as he believed in 1507. His attempt,
however, to withdraw the word ^^ America^' a
name he himself invented and used, proved a
failure; for his works, published in 1507, had
been rapidly spread far and wide in numberless
prints, copies, and versions. As early as 1508
Waldseemuller wrote with just pride to his
friend and co-worker, Philesius Ringmann, that
his globe and world-map of 1507 were dis-
seminated and known and highly commended
throughout the whole world.* In accordance
with the proposal made by Waldseemuller in
1507, the name America was, for the time
being, restricted to the southern part of the
New World. After the lapse of three decades,
however, another German cartographer applied
the name America to the northern portion of
the Western Hemisphere. On Gerhard Mer-

* " Cosmographiam universalem tarn solidam quam planam non sine
gloria et laude per orbem disseminatam.^* These words are found in
Waldsccmliller's treatise, *' Architecture et Perspective Rudimentay^
published, 1 508, in the Strasburg edition of the Margarita philosophica,

29

Mercator, the great reforr
who knew the New Worl(
tinent, was the first to introc
ical literature the names Is
South America.

* This map of Mercator, only one a
library of the American Geographical Sod
the Facsimile-Atlas of Nordenskiold, plate

u

COSMOGRAPHIAE INTTIODV;

CTIO/CVMQ.VIBVS

DAM GEOMB

TRIAE

AC

ASTRONO

MIAE PRINCIPIISAD

BAM RJEM NECESSARa&

Infuperquatuor Amend V<*
(puci) nauigaciones*

VnmcrraIfs'Co(mographif dcfirfptia
tarn in (blfdo q^ ptano/ds etiam
infertis quf Pcholom^o
ignota a nupeiis
' reperta funt»

*

OISTICHOR

Cum deus aflra regat/S^ terrae di'mata CaeGir
Nee tellus nee ds (ydera maius habent^.

Eft: fopciW K^vtrT^rn ifM^t^tlTTl,

M c> X. -

I

Atc]^ freta Herculeo nomine m
Q^tiac^ dies medius flagranti fydi

Congelat Sc Septem terga maj
Aciubeas regu magnorum maxii

Mida ad arbicrium iura fubire t
Hinc tibi deuoca generale hoc me

Quimirapra^fens arteparauic

DIVO MAXTMILIANOCAESARIAV

GVSTO MARTINVS ILACO

MILVS FOCLICITA

TEMOPTAT.

Simultasadpfliregiones/Sfpopuloruvltimos
Vtdifle/no folu voluptariu fed etiam in vita coduci
bile eftcquod in Platone/ApoUonioThyanaEO
atcpalrjs multis philofophis/quiindagandarureR:
caufaremotifTiiTias oras petiucrut /clarum euadit)
quis oro inuifliffime Ca:far Maximiliane / rcgio
jiSatc^vrbiumfitus/Sfexttrnorum hominum
Q^aos vid£ t condens radios Tub vndas
Phodius extremo venicns ab orcu :
Quos pronunt Sepcem gelidiTriones :
Q_uos Nothus ficco violcntus jftu
Tomrt ardcntes recoquens harenas. Quis inqui
iUotuomniiiritus ae mores ex libris cognofcere in
cundii ac vnle efTe inficias ibitfSane ( vt dica quod
nieafert opinio }Gaitlongt{nmcperegrinari lauda
bile efi/ ita de quis cui iple terraru orbis vel ex Tola
^arcara traditione cognitus eft/no abfurde repeti
identidc poteft illudOdilTea: caput quod doflidi Home*
fnuspoetaruHomerusdeVlinTefcriprit. rus

Die mihi muTa viru captse poR cempora Troia:
Qlli mores hominu multorum vidit Sc vrbes.
HincfaAiieflvtmelibros Pcholom^i adexeplar
Grjcii quorandl ope p virHi recognorcete/& qua
tuorAmetidVelpucii nauigaaonulun:ra;ioes sdi)
<iete:tociusorbiscypiicSinfoUdo^pIano(veluc A H

fiflimo in eis rebus iudicio aliqu
mc fatis foecifTe intellexcro ♦ Va
Ex oppido diui Deodati* Anno
tcm hipra fefquimillefimu feptir

TRACTANDORVW

Cu Cofmographia:! noada fii
aftronomif cognitione/et ipa et
Gcometria? pridprjs pignc habe
primo in hac fuccic^a inrodudliS
mctrig inchoamentis ad (pherj n

t Deide gd fphera/axis/ poll &o

J De coeli drculis;

^ Ciuanda ipfius fpherj (ecundu g

5 De quinc^ Zonis c^Ieftibus
carandec]^ & graduu codi ad tcr

* De ParaleDis^

7 De dimatibus o Ais^

* De ven tis cii eoRz et aliai^ rem fi j

DE PRINCIPnS GEOMETRIAE AD
SPHBRAE NOTICIAM NE*
CESSARIIS
CAP VT PRIM VM,

j VIA IN SEQ.VENTIB VS

I metri/et I'd genus alionim crebra
I mentio fiet : ideo primum nobis

J fingillatim de lalibus breuiflime

tra(5landum venit

EH igitur Circulus / ligura plana vna quidcm
circumdu(fla linea contencarin cuius medio pun«
<!lus tft/ a quo omnes rcSx lineae ad circudantem
lineam eduAdt adinuicem funt gquales.

Figura plana/efl cuius mediii no fubfultat/ne^
ab extremis egreditur.

Circuferentia/eft linea circulu contincns ad qui
omnes rcAx lineg a centra circuit eie^% inter fe fljc
zquales/quac & ambitus/& circuitus/curuaturacp
ac circulus a latinis/gr^ce autem pen'pheria didtur.

Ccntru circuli/eit punifhis illea quo omes reftg
adlineaciinil(icontinenteedu(5lx adinuicem Tunc
{quales.

Oimidius drculus/efl figura plana diametro cir
Culi 8^ medietate drcuferentix content a.
• Diameter circuli/ eft qu|c5^ linea refla per ecu

crafiguraepaiticulaalincf com
ncm lurgc ns,

Angulus re(niis/crt: angulus (
cadcnte/8^ vtrinCp altiin(ccus t
les angulos Bidente caufacusiqi
tineiic rc<f^Uncus:fi curu§/curu i
Obtufus c d c re<flo maior. A

Solidii/cft corpus longicudii
dUiec^ dimenfum.

Alritudo/craflidcs /profundi

Integrum eft res coca/aut reipa;
parcicione non prouenic.
jMinutum/eft fexagefima integ
Sccundum/fexageUma pars mi
Tcrriu fexagefima fccundi/& it

CAPVT SECVNDVM Q

axis/poli S^c.ftricflifTim
Anteacp aliquis Cofmograp

nr n r %

INCHOAMENTA
fputio lafias illufirata fadlius intelKget.Ig?.

Spheracvt ea TJieodoflus inlibro de fpheris dcB
niOefolida&corporeafigura vuaquidc couexaTnW*
fuperficiecotenta/inoJius medio pu(fhis c/aquo^ofiust
omnes reds ad circuferenria «du<!lj adinuicc funt
fquaies.Eccucvc neoterids placet )decem ii'miphe
ne coeleftes fit matciialis Iphera ad inftar 0(fiau;(q
quod Itellifera fit aplanes didtur)exclrculis artitid
dalirer adinuicem iun<f^is per virgulam & axe me
dium centrannquj terra eft Jtangctem copofita.

Axis fpherap/eftlineapcrcentru fpher^traliens
ex vtra(^ parte fuas extremitates ad fphcrx drcu^
fcrentia applicas:drca quam fphera /ficut rota dr«
ca axem cam( qui ftipes teres eft) intorqtui Sc cS
tiertitur/eftcp ipfius drculi diamctrus . De ^ Mani
Bus ita loquitur. M,

Aera per gelidum tenuis dedurituraxij 'jis,

Sydereus medium drca quem voluiturorbis

Poli c qui &r cardines & vertices dicuntur ) funt
punifla coeli axem terminantia/ita fi'xa ut nu^ mo
ueantur fed perpetuo code loco maneant. Et qu{
liic de axe ac polis dicuntur ad oiflaua Ipherara re
lereda funt . Ciuoniam in prfTentiarum materiaUs
fphera; detetmiationf/q (ut diximus) o dtau; Iphe
lae Cmilitudinem habet/fyfcjpimus.Sunt ita<p eo#
riiduoprindpales/vnus Septemtrionaliscqui 8;
>jkdicus ScBorealis apclbtur/alcer Auftralis/que
A iiij

ro maiorcVrfa q 8C Califco 8C

ptetiionalis a feptc ftellis plaul

-J ,|. tancz&rucminoris Vrfa^/qua

^*P^'^ adpeUant . Vnde Mantuanus

K^axtae. j*^ nobis Elicc nobis Cynofur

Te duce vela damus«&G Item

nJcus ab eius mudi parte vcnto

lis vocare adieuerunr.Huic op

cus/vn & nome (ordt. Nam ai

ne cotra (ignificat As & Nochi<

cus dicic: ac<^ a nobis propter i

dcuexus videri non poteft/fed

cffe copertu e)cerni£. Vbi & ob

Deuexu/rei fphericf tu more^

Coucxuj^o cius cotrariu e(l/i

Sunt pr^terea duo alf) poll ip(ii

coelo circulos ar(flicrLf.& antar

Veru quia zodiaci & arcftici at(

<celo rut circuIi)mentionc foecu:

RVDIMFNTA

ditunt (n fpera & coelo no reucra qui'dein exilf en>
tes fed miaginabiIes:maiorcs.f.& minores.

Maior circulus is eft/qu j in couexa fupficic Cpht
ti defcriptus ipfam in duo ;qua diuidit/ horn luiit
fex.Aequacor.r. Zodiacus/Colurus xquino(flio«
lU/Cohmis rolfticioi«/ Meridianus /& Horizon;

Circulus minor in fphera c qui in cade fpher; fu
jiaficit defcriptus fpheram itiinime in duo {qua di
uiditTales funt quatuor. Ariflicus/ Cancri/ Capri
comi/& Antari^icus. Ita fummacim (lint decc de
quibus debita fcrie et primo quidcm de maioribuK
dicemus.

AequatorcquiStTprimimobilisa'ngulus/etfquI
noAialis dicit ) eft circulus maior fpheram in duo
sequalia diuidens/fecuiidum quamlibet fui partem
ab vtro^ polo f que diilans.Sic dictus quonia fo f
!e ipfum rranfeuntec q uod bis in anno in prindpio
arietis.f.mcfe Mariio/8^ prlcipio librj mcnfefep^
tembri contingit) toto tcrraru orbc acquinotflium
iC dies no(fli iequalis eft.

Aequinodliu Marci) /arietis/vcmale;

AequinodliumScptembris/libr^/authumnale;
^odiacus/eftciratlus maior xquatorcm in duo
bus pun<ftis(qu{ funt principia arieris & librae )dirj
mens/cuius vna medictatu ad feptcmcrione/altera
veroadAuftrumdecIinat.Ita diAusvela zodion
^uodaninialfignificac/qin duodccim animalia in

In media zodiaci latitudine c
in duo gquaparticsct vitro cj
reliaqns itcUigitiqua Ediptid
^ (blis aut lunx dcliquiii Sc e<
eofum vtertp fub ea linca in e
gradibus decurrat.In eodem d
quiumJnoppofitis vero fi ipfi
per (ub'ea linca mcdius incedi
Luna aut Sc cxteri planetarur
dtra vd vltra c^qjaciati vagant

Duo funt in fphera coluri/q
itodHa diftinguuclta a Colon
brum Ggnificat/8d vris bobus(
Caefar^ Elephantu Ca^far cSmentarioi
filuaeffe ait) dicfh/qm ficut cau
crecfla femicirculu dC non com]
colurus fempcr imperfecflus ap
dietas|videtur/cum alia fit occu
& ^ Colurus folftidoru oui 8c d

RVDIMENTA

ellperprindpiaarietis aclibrae/S^mudipoIos tiS
Hens.

Meridianus efl: ctrculus maior per pisnAu verd 9
CIS & polos munditranfiens. Tales in gcneralibus
|ioftris tarn fblido 9P piano decern gradibus abin^
nice diftinximus^ Efl aut pudu verddscquod 8C
zenith didt }in ccdo pu(fhis direifle rd fuppoficus^

Horizoncquem finitore quo^ dicunt) eft fphe^ ^
tx drcuius maior fuperius hemiipherium (id eft dl
midiu {phera^)ab infeiiori diuidens.EftCjp is in que
(ub diuo cDnnftentiu /drcuducendumc^ oculos vi
det obtutus deficeretqui et partem coeli vifam a no
vifa dirimere cernitunDiucrfaru aut regionu vanV
us eft horizon : &r omniu horizondu capitis ver-^
sex/ polus didt * Nam tale pun^u omniqua<]p ab
finitore atc^ ipfo hohzonte ^que diftat. Et hare de
circuHs maioribtis/nuncadminores veniamus'^

Circulus ar(fticus e circulus minor que polus zo^
diad admotupriniimobilisdrcapolu mundi ar#
ifticum defcribit^

Antardlicus / eft drcuius minor que alter polus 9
zodiad drca polii mundi antardhcii caufat at^ de
loibitlSiucupamus autpolu zodiad( de quo etiS
fuperiori capite diximus )pun(fHi vndecuc]^ ab edt
pnca (que diftante* Sut em poli zodiad axis eclip#
dc^ extreitates . Et ^ta e maxia fblis declinado(de

gmoj; plursi)tataepoIizod a polomudidiftati»

X]

SPHERAE MATE.

ropicusCancricft/circuIus minor cjucmfbl in
cipi'o cancri exiftes ad motu primi mobilis dc*
it/qui & {blflricium eftiuu dicinir.
ropicuscapricorni/eftdrculus minor cjue fol
i capricorni tcncns ad mocii primi mobtlis de*
icHunc ettam circulii brumg dicimus.
^tcrum quia decUnacionis mentionc fccdmus
annotandii.

ecb'nationc eiTe quando To! de ^quinotTtiali aA
picS cancri fcandic/vcl ad capticorni tropiaiii
315 dcfcendit.
fcenfionc pro cotrario accipimus/qn.r a rro*

(RVDIMEIOTA

QuiiiJp«iicritcodu'2onae:<i|Uii5vfla Wrufeo :
Semper folc rabens/ & torrida fempcr ab igni eft
Q^uam circu cxcremx dextra Ixuace trahuntui
Cerulea gtade concrete ac(^[himbriDus atris/'
Has inter mediam<^ dua; morcali^us xgris
Munereconcen[{diuu:& viafeflaperambas
Obliquus qua fe fignorij veneret ordo.

i3e quam qualitate in fequentibus plura dicent^
C^uii-^o fupcriustctigimus qjpolus ^odiacijcic
culii arcflicu dcfcnbatrideo pro vlteriori Tpeculacio
neickndu hocdefuperioh Zodiici polo ( qui in
tftf.gradu &.9,min.elcuatiois fitus c/at(^ a polo ar
^co.25i.gradibusac.ji.mi.diftat5TtelIigioportere;

Vbi Sc illud non ignorandfi Gradum criccfimS '^'*~
figni partem clTe . Et Signu duodecimain circuU> Sign*
Ac trigtnta duodecies mTtiplicata. jso.redduc
Quare liquiduenaditquodgradusiteru tricente
(tma et fexagelima cii culi pars efle defiriiri pofTet.

Circulum aut. Ancariflicum polus Zodiaci infe
rior dercribit:qui in eodc gradu dcclinationis fitus
cd: ct ;que a polo antaraico diftatficut fupetiot
abarAico.

Tropicucancri/eclipticxreflexio/fiuc maxima
folis iKas feptemtrione dee1ijiaiio( qu; ab (quiilQ
diaUad3}:grad:&.;i.miii.Gtaefl:)de(!gnat.

Tiopicu capricomt alia Eclypticaejrcflexio/ Guc

B

SPHERAE MATE.

na foils y(usAuifatimdcdiruti6(qu;adtO»
ngradusGcutprfdiiflaGu eft)defchbic,
Ittancia inter cropicucanm& drcqlu arAicu
jz. graduu & .i3 .min. Totidcm cQ'am graduii
liftantia inter tropicu capiicomi 8c drculum
l-iflicuin.

equatoremmedjscoeUampIicudo apolis ma
Juediftans elfidt.

tvCcp de quincp zonJs 8c earum abinuicem di^
lia.ccirequenterctiamftrii%mdeteU(]uis qu{
Itradrmus.

1 zodiad eiiis ipGus poli oft<ndut/a qui«

RVDIMENTA

Iphaiu hoUru ab alteto per folis orcu 8C OCcaCuau
His veroquj Tub xquinoiftiali funt per vtrofqr mu
di polos.ct diflat femper lenithinomnihorizoce
Jib ipHus circuferentia.^b.gradibus qui funt quarts
pars drcuM.Bdcp peripheria hohzontis quacer di*
Aantiam inter zenith &honzontaruperaiis*

Id demij animaduerfione no eflindignum axem
sniidi in maten'ali fphera diametralitcr ab eiufdem
|>oU5 per ceiitru mundicqug eft terra) tranfire.

Axis vero zodiad in fphera no apparet fed intel
ligendus eft.& hie axem mundi medium ad angtw
los impares Cue obliquos in centro iiiterfecat.

Hoc mo do in ipfa mundi fabnca mirabilis feri<s
& reru ordo pr^dpuus efl* videturtcuius imagine
veteres aHTOnomi defcribentes faAoris ipfius qua
turn fieri potui'c veftigiacqui omnia in numero p6«
dere 3^ menrurafoccit)fequuti funt.Nos quocp ea
de re craiflantes fpacrj tniquitate fic exdufi vt ratio
minutoru non vel vix poflit obferuari/& G obfer^
uaretur etiam tedium cum errorc gigticret/ a pl«#
nis^aduumannotationibus circulorum poGtio^
nem (umemus. Nam non multum didat inter .51*
tnin. &C plenum gradum qui fexagtnta minuta con
tinet ficuti fupradiximus/atc^ in libro de fphera 8C
aliubi ab harum rerum ftudiofis examufUm deda^
ratur.Itacpin figuraquam pro talium intelUgen*
tiahoctoco fubiungemus ipfi bin! tropici cancri.fl

B q

RVDIMENTA

Dc qui'n^ Zonis cccleflibus /cimniantf

&craduu coeli ad terra applicadonc.
CAPVTQVINTVM
Hadlenus brcuidime dc nonullis Gcomettifpit
fjpiis/dcfphcn/polisyquinqjZonis/atcpipfismB
a circur/rcrucp taliu <)uada7 hcorica diximus:nuc
Te<f}o(nifallor)ordinedcappticatione horu dmi«
loru & graduu ad ipam terra fufripiendadetctmi^
natio vcnit.Hrgo i^j ffcicndu cfl in terra <{ui<p pla Oubdf
gas per zonas pr«diftas diftingui. Vnde ct Ouidii
us in Methamoiphofi ait.
Vtc^ dux dextra cotlum toridcmj^ GniOra
PaxtcGxant zon<r/quinca efl ardentiorillis
Siconus inclufum numcro diftinxit codem
Cura dei:totidcmqj plage tdlureprcTOunttir
Q^uatu que media til non ell habitabilis {fhl
Nix regit alta duas/totidcin inter vtraf<J locanit
Tcmperiemfp dedit mixta eu frigore flamma.

Et\tresapertiorfiat/quatuorininores drcnli
Arfticus/cantfri/eapricormV & antan^'cus difter*
ininant diftinguiitq;quin<poxK zonas. Vt(verbi
caura)eflo in Kqnenti figura.a. pohis mundi arAV
cus/b.c.eircrus Borcus/d.e.rirculus Cancri/f.g.cir
«uluseapiicorni/Ji.k.atar<3icus/I. ifopolnsNothJ
cus.Erit pnnia2ona.f. Borea arflicatB totn inter.b
a.e.intereeptu fpaciu/queperpemo mgorcrigeDS
inhabitata ed. Sectida erit totuinlntcr.b.c.et.d.ri

B ii)

t^uarta elt totu intcnl.g.et.h»
ztcp habicabilis/n aquaru vafl
cics id impune Gnat. Q^uinca i
tntcrdufum fpaciu (rigore fern
^ Cum aut dicimus aliqua coe
nam vel habicata vd mhabitai
nema{imilizona tcrrae illi coe
intelligi voIumus:& qn habiCi
dmus/bene & facile habitabil
tatam vcl inhabitabile/egre di
intdliomus.Suntemqiu exu
nam nuc hadbicanc mulct. Vt qi
team incoiut/vtTaprobanen(
xima pars terrg femper incogr
CD Vcfputio r^ercf^Qua de i
iungennir nauigationes ex lea
licum/&exGallico in latinun
Itaq^ (aendu quod ( vt 8c fu
ffa)prima zona q polo ar(flico i

RVDIMENTA
Qaarta qu{ par eft /totidein
Quintajfo torrida & media gradia.«7;8(,ju> mt.
Scd horii quendam cypum ponamus.

PolusAi^cus

PolusAatar&

SPHERAE MATE.

CAPVT SEXTVM
DE PARALELUS

iralelli(qui 8c Almucanttiarat dicunftrunt cir
r^tinegquoquo verfus/at^ ex omni parte
?diftantes/& nuncp (i poBent etiam in infini4
{Mrahl cScurrentcs.Q^ualis eft in fphcra cqu»
Lun alrjs quatuor circulis minoribus. No quii
itu primus afecundo/cantum fecundusa t^rf
iftet :nani hoc falfum cft/vt ex prjcedetibus \i
/fcdtpquilibct duo ciroili Hinuliuncli fcfun*
iSlibec (uigtc jque abinuice fine diftatcs. Na
cft^qaatorex vna partealtero tropicoru^

PanlcUi gradus Hor^dicf QuotmilU;

abtquat. cceli riima. fa.gra. vnm

t»Di»taes8 \sf {lo

1I5T

JJ8_

I

IjH.

\!L

f°

ija^

Ji2_

-hi.

jisDiarhi p.7 |;t.i [ ig-j

3j:

Jjg-ii I 'y.J fg

uDiarho.y'J ) flo.i.t.ti {ty

)8.1rf |i<i.i.it |«6.i

loDiarhod.jt |jg \ifui {fo

aPiaalex.} | ?0.^ 1 1»

1S.4

tr.ii |-?.ia

tPialienesi [i?.i.^ |i3.i

aPiamero.i |i<>.tii |ij

jni3r

IS.4

Jen
J 3

I a.

lt» I oc l»cT Inn 5"

J I

Ae^torapolisjqdiOansliacotinue

«

1"

t jji.4 |u.4

!?!>

1

- is.*..* Uz.i

1

i l«-t

.2.i.4

1

itOiameroes . |i«.J.«

■J

»

J |2o.i. jtj.S

_J

RVDIMBNTA

De difflatibm caput, vij.

Licet dimaproprifregio iataprffetar/hoe ta
meii loco fpadu tor; inter duas (quediftantes ap4
pellatur/in quo porrecHiflim; did ab initio dimada
vfcp adfinemdimidi9lior£variatioeft.Etquott3
aliquod clima ab {quatore (uerit/tot fonihoris Ion
oifCmacius loci dies fupcrat diemno^ {qualem.
bunta ipfonim Septemgemiiia:Snis ad auftnim
noritreptimumadhucIultratum.SedBoreamver Q
fusPtholomeusterramfeptemlemihorani fpacio 3^
ho&italem Sc habitabile inuenit:qu{ feptem clima S
a ab inligni aut Vibe/aut fluuio/autmote fua no i<
minafuntfoitita.

PrimudidturDiaMerocs/adiaquodapudm ^
COS per Ggnificat/& cafu patrio iungit. Ate^ a Me
toe qu{ e Africj ciuica: in torrida zona citra ;qua<
toreafi.gradibus (ita/in quo paralello & ipfe Ni<
Iuse(reinuemtur.Eius/& fubfequetiumetiaimtiS
medium & finem at<^ maxim; did in quolibet ipo
turn horas generale nolhnicpro cuius intelligentiii
hfcrcribimusltibiliquido oflcndet.

OiaSienes a Siene Aegipti vrbe/quod e^uTd£ t
Th^aidos prindpium

OiaAlexandrias .Ab Alexandria infignivtbe j
Afifcse Aegipti Metropoli: quam Alexander Ma
gnuscondidit:dequodii!lueftapoeta;Vnus Pd
Itoluoeoinonfulficicoibis.

aij

SPHERAE MAX

iaRhodon/aRliodoAfi?minorisinruh;qu{
linomioisinearitamnoftra tempeftate darS
atcmhabct/foniterThurcaru cfferos bcllicof
ipctus rudincncem/atc^ profligantcm gencro
nc.

iaRfiomcs /abvrte Europe notiffima/itcrlta
maximc clara/& infigiii olim gentiu domitru
t<^ orbis capitf/nucpatris patru maximi fedc.
liaBorifcbcnes /amagnoScytharu fluuio qui
[uartus ab Hiftro.

'laRhiphcon/a Riphcis montibus qui in Saw
ica Europa infiones funt perpetua niue candc

l^bis inrionibus fods pcrqugfermc climamm

RVDIMBNTA

Rhomes/ antidiaBorifHienes: a gr^a gtfeula ami
q op{K>(kthrd cocra denocat* Atc^ in fexto dimate
AntarcSku verrus/&paxs exorema Afrioe ntiper
vepe]ta&/Ziamzibar/Iaua iiunor/& Seula inuil£
dCquarcaorbisparscquaihquiaAmericusinueuk ^
Ameiigen /qwm Amend terra / (uie Amenca nua Afflcri
cupare licet) {it»{unt:*De quibus Auftrak1>ns di^ ge
tnatibiis hf c P<Mnponij Mdig Geographi verba in
tdligeda (unt /vbi ait.Zon| habitwiles parta ag^ Popo;
aanitempora/vetunopariter.Antidithones alte# Mdlse
xam/nos alteram incoiumis«IlItu8 iitus ob ardore in
tercedends plag9 incogmtus/huiiss dicendus e-H:*
Vbi animaduertendumeft quoddimatu quod(|i
alios ^ aliud pleru<p foetus ^ducat/dx diuerf^Cut
natiur^^ alia atc^ alia iyderii virtute moderentim
VndcVirgflius*

Nee veraterr^ferreomnes omnia poflunc VergiV

Hie fegetes/illic veniunt fixlidus vug lius

Aibord fcetus a]ibt/at(|r iniuila vire(cunt
Gramia.Noilt vides croceos vtHimolus odores
India mittit eburCmittut (itathura Sabfi
AtC^ybes nudi ferrtbvirofac^ pontus
Cofterea.Eliadu palmas Ep iros equaru &c,
OCTAVVM CAPVT DE VENTTS,

• Q,aoniI in fiipenonbus vimtoru aliqiiando in#
ddentermemores fuimns( cii€ poluBoreii/polii
Nothidi/atc^id genus silia d6dmus)&; iprorace^

€1 ii)

XXV

Venfo
rii (on

ma*

terrain mota&c.

Quia vero fol fecundu I
jqtorc triplice ortu ditcp oa
<fbaie/ac hyemaic feruatieti
feptctrionis vtrinc^ fint lat
priu vcnru habetrio fumati
entis/rres ocddentis/totidi
&is toddciex gbus qtuor c
diu locu tenebut pricipalio

<

Collate
McdijT

CoUat.

| 1rop>Canc )i
lAequator* jSi

TropXiapTJEi

i&

CoUat.

Mcdii

T

Mem
iuro

jAuft<

,RVDIMENTA

P6tt^ tri mius prldpales ( j et cbtfaf ales dicS^
i> prindpalioribus ex Ucendac vc fuus Chi mos eftl /% • jf^
^i«parcc5fueu«untHtac&Ouidiu.aft ^"^

Eunis ad Aurora Nabathgai!^ i^gn^ recefliC
PerHdacB Sc radt)s iuga fubdica matudtiis.
VcQxnr oC Occjduo qu^ litcora (ble tepefamt
ProximafutZcphirocScydiiam/feptec^ Triones
Hornfer iuiiafit Boreas/contraria tellus
Nubibus a(nduis/pluuio<^ madeCat ab Auftio

Eft auce Subfolani aura faiubenitna /qug aCble
purior & fubdiior alijs efficicur.

Zephirus Calons et humoris temperiem babes xr^^Qt.
mondu pruinas refbiuit. Vn e illud Vergiii) Liqui ^
tur et punis Zephi'ro fe gl^ba refoluit*

Auftri flatus crebro tempcdatu/^cellaru /at^
lunbriu pfagus e.'Q.uarc 8c Nazo infit. Madidis Qu^sr.
JNothus euoiat alis.

Aauilo fuo rigorc aquas Iigat/atque condringit
Vtr. cc gladalis hyems Aqutloibus a(perat vn£ts Vtr^*

tin deventisGailinariunodru mtdt^ do(5bin9 Galluia
virii (equetes quatuor edere verficulos meminL nus,
Eu nis et Eoo flat. Sublblanus ab ortu*
Fladbus occafum ZephiruCcp Fauonius impfenti;
Aufter in extremis Lybia? etNothus $ftuatoris*
Sudificus Boreas Aquitoc;^ minatur ab axe.

Et licet ved feptentnonaies Tint natura fngidt/
nihilotainen minus quando tOnidamzonampcr a Jiff

xxvn

COSMOGRAPHIAE

rennt/mitigantuKficut&rdeAuftK) torriJam

lam antea^ ad nos veniat Iranfcuntc/copmS

!2.uod fequentibus verfibus infinuatur.

0(5^ loco prodit gdidusforitAuftcr/&aK3is

ft aquas vindis/at dum per torrida flam

Era tranficrit/noftras captandus in oras

ieat:&Bore^(euifTimatela rtcorquet

c contra Boreas nobis grauis/orbc fubimo

atione pari moderatis leuior alis.

era mox varies quacurfus flaminamittum

an: propria naturamfcdiseundo.

jcufcp de ventis dicSS fuffidat-Ponannis nuc

omniii figuravniuerfalc:in qua fint poU/axes/

hc^najore^mcnamminores/ori^^

<Ksr%-^^^

5

RVDIMENTA

Euiopa aS ocddete man Athlantico/a (ept&Bti
tSnico/ab oricteThanai/Meotide paliide/et poto:
a mexidie man meditenaneo daudl^ /hshetCp tn (e
Ht(paniam/GaIUam/Geniiama/Rh$tiam/Italiam/
Grfdam/ 8c Saniiadam.Sicdidlaafiliarefiis Agcfi
noris dns nominis:qu^ dum vtrginibus Jurjs co^
mitatain mannolittorepuellari Audio luderet Sc
caniftra floiibus jRiparet/ab loue in thaui^ niueum
Verio rapta HUus tergo infedifle /& per ^quora po
ti in Cr^tamddataterrg contra iacenti nomen de«
diflecreditur.

A£ncaabocddentemari Athlantico/a mendie
oceano Aethiopico/a Septemtrione man mediter
raneo/S^ ab ortu Nili flumine terminatur. Ea in fe
cople<fHnir Mauritanias Tingitanam & Cairfarien
fem/Libiam interiorem/Numidiamcqua Sc Mapa
liam dicunt)minorem Africam( in qua eil Charta^
go Rhomani imperii olim peninax armula )Cyre^
ndca/Marmaricam /Lybiam (quo etia nomine to
ta Africa a Libe rege Maurithii^ appellat ) Aethio
piam interibre/Aegiptu &cEt didt Aiiica quod
frigo ns riglditate careat.

Afiacqu^ carteras magnitudine 6C opibus Iog](#
iime vindt)ab Europa j hanai fluuio/atc^ ab AIki
ca irdimo( qui in Auftralcm pl<^ diftentus Ara^
hi^ Sc Aegpti (mum petiondit) (ec^rni^ * H^ prin
dpahflimas regioncs habct Bithiniamy Gaiatiam/

XXIX

/ Nuc)^o Sfhg partes funt I;
quarta pars per Americu Vc(
bus audiemr )inuenta eft/qua
iure vetec ab Amenco inuenti
AitlCti** xo Amerigen quafi Amend t
ca dicenda:cu 8C curopa 8c Afia

dca ftnt npnunauEius fitu Sc g
nis Amerid nauigadonibus c
intelligidatur*

Hunc tti modu terra iam qi
fd&ec fiuic cres prime partes c<
infularcu omni quaic^ man drc
licet mare vnu Qt queadmodu <
tamen finibus diftinAum / dc
Pi{fcj[ji in(uIisvaria(ibinoiaa({umit:<
mu^ phiae tabulis co(pidunt/& Pri
Djonili) talibus enumerat veri
Circuit Oceani gurges tamen

Marc

Eouiii^

IndkSi

Actlilo

pkiiiiM

RVDIMENTA

Vndctamen piunoconicendithiinine^Tittait
Eoum(]p vocant ztcp Indum nofninc pontum
Sed qua deuexus caJidu poltis cxdpit Auftnim*
Acthiopum^ fimul pdagus Rubiii^ vocatinr
Circuit occanus Jic tocu maximus oibcm
Nominibus vaiijs cdcbratu8»
Perfecac Hefperia piimus qui pOTgi( vndxi
Pamphilcute lams Lybi^ pr^tendit ab oris
Sicminor eA rdiquis/maior quein Cafpiatdhis
Sulcipit intrance vaifa's Aquilonis ab vndis
Nomine Satumi quod Thetis poflidet £quor
Cafpius ifte finus fiimil Htrcanufcft vocatur

At duo qui veniunt Auflralis ab f quore ponti n!!!?^
Hie (upiiacurrens mare Peiiicuseffidtaltum "cnicii
Er^one Otus/qua Cafpia voluitur vnda

Hu<fHiat a ft idter Paneh^a cp Uttora puKat
Euxeni contra pelagus protentus in Anftro

Ordineprincipiu capiens Athlantis ab vnda
Herculeo edebraht quam m^te munere]Gades«
Csliferafep tenet ftans Athlas monte columnas
Eft primus vaftis qiii pontus Hibericus vndis
Diuidit Europen Lybia comunis vtxicp
Hinc atc^ hinc ftatuf funt: amb; littora cemunt
H{cLybie$h{cEuropes adueiiatuendo*

licunu'

Cafpiu

Hifct:

AtKfan
ticum
Heicu#
leum*

Gallicus hunc ourges.'qui Celtica b'ttora pulfat
Fxdpit:hunc (equitur Liguru cognomine didus
Q^uadominirerum terriscreuerc Latinis,
Ad petram leucen Aquilonis ab axe redu^us

Gallicu

XXXI

;5tcul(l Sicatii^ g^^g^^ toll's deflexu
Qui prodil effufus Pachyn
Ad Cr^tcn fumma( qug pro
Qua Gortynapotes medij
Arietis hanc ruperti fimilatit*
Pro meritograi] Criu dixen
Hoc mare Gargani coiicludi
Adria ^ Illinc incipiens extendicur
ticiinu^ Ad Boream penetrans pela^
Ionium lonius paricer Onus hie pei
Diuidit 8c geminas diuerHs ^
Q^uas tamen excremas coiur
UiiticUr Ad dextram parte proten<
Poft hanc Dalmatig populor
Ad Iguam Aufbni^porreAus
Q^uetria circundant maria v
Tyrrhenum/Siculum/ necno
Fuiibus at proprijs exceptani
Tvrrhenum S^#*n1ivfv%»S«/»"»i"

RVDIMENTA

Maiorem poftquam minor exdpiCfquoralonge
Atcp (inu gemino refonantia littora pulTanc

Finibus a Siculis Crct^m tenditur $quor Marc

Ad foils veniens ortua Salmonida pofcens Cr|t(U]

Dicitur Eous qui Cr^tf terminus cfie:

Poft hanc eft geminu marcvafl u flu(flibus atris
Fludtibus Hifmarici Boref quod ninditur atris^
Q^uod ruit aducrfus celf? de partibus Arifti
Quodprius eft Phariu perhibct : hoc littora tagit Pbanu
Prjdpitis cafu mo ntisrpoft vnda fccunda
Sidoniu eft pelagusrpenetrat qua gitrgitc pontuS# Sidoni
Ificus Arcfloas ad partes f quore vcrgens* um

Non longe reiftus: Ciliaim nam frangitur oris.
Hinc Zephiros pofcens veluti draco fieiflit vndis
Q^uod iugamontiuagus vaftatrfiluafqj fatigac
F^anibus extremis Pamphilia dauditur ifto;
AtC^ Chelidonig rupes dnguntur eodem
At procuIhunczephymshnitPatareide fumma;

Poft h^e Arcfloas ad partes afpice rurfus
Afgeum/fuperat qui Bucfnbus cquora cunc^a: Aecni
Difpcrfas vafto qui gurgite Cychdas ambit
Teiminat hucimbrospariterTenedofcp coerces
Angufta trahit qua fauce Propontidis vnda
Afiarquam fupra populis diftenditur amplis
Ad Notiam pancmrqua latus duritur Ifthmos!
Threicius fcquimr poft Bofphorus oftia ponti; bofpho
Hoc nullum pcrhibent terras anguftius oibis nis«

XXXIII

uicinir aultrali:red contra

Pronn'net Europe hunc cri

' Ergo conucniunt aduerfi

Diftantcs quantu ccrnis tn

Eualeat nauisibimarcm fie <

Aipictas {unilem cornu que

Ncruo curuati diHrento de*

AfTtmilat'reiflo trahicurnaii

Extra quam Boream quo fc

Scd fermam cornu gcminai

-- ^ Lictus:quodpontumdngit

leotis In quam Mcotis penetrans

Quam Scydiig gentes circu

Et matrem pond perhibent j

Sdh'cec hie pond vis exit gui

Thfta> Cimmenu torrens per Boipl

W* Cimmerrj gclidis habitant fu

Hf e maris eft (pedes fplendc

Eft aiitvtprgdiximus mar<

bus maximg 8c prindpaliore

RVDIMENTA

J^iontpLf 8C Britannia Sc Angiat.
Sardiraain man mediterraneo
Candia qu{ & Creta in finu Aegeo

Sdandia

JSidlia inmari meditetranco

CoHyca

Cipnis

Extra Ptholom^am

M ada oafcar an man Prafodo

Zamz^ar

laua in Oceano Indico oriental!

Angama
Peuta In oceano Indico

Seula

Zipangiiin Oceano oceidentali p ,0 ,

H? (unt ingentes quas cingit Tetliyds vnda yrnca$

In{ul{:adhuc ali? diueifis partibus orbis# **

Oiuerffplures famalatuereminores
Auris difficiles nautis velponubus apt$
Q^uaru non facile eft mihi promere nomiha verfu;
Cpietu vt vnius loei ab altero diftantiam cQgno
(cerepoilis poli eleuado tibi cuprimis coHderaxida
venit. Annotanduigit paueis quod(vt ex (uperiori
bus liquet ) vitientibus Tub p^ralello cquinoAiali
VterC^ polus in horizonte eft.Eunti autf ad fepte/
trionemeoniagisfubleuatpolus quantoplus ali^
^uisii>^quatoredirce{fcrit«Quf poll elcuatiore^

XXXV

plicaueris. Veru rn no funt
centia milliaria a circulo cc
<p genu fquales.Na a prin
ad duodcciinu/qlibetgrad
liana codner quf faciut.iy (
cin quaruor italica pro vnc
Eta.u.gradu vfc^ad.zy.qii
qu? fufit Germain's,! fl.i.i^
poncmus formulam fequer
Gradus Gradus ■ I

Aequa

Cor.

t

IZ

]^

12

2f

r^

Tropi

2f

^'^

f^

cus*

50

§/t

f<:

5/1

41

4

4.1 ufc^ai^

rt /arwiMf

4

ft )A

52

RVDIMENTA

£t iti. quocp ab ^quino^b' iHus polot Cam tn^
tar^cum^ar<flicumfiradiiuhnicudinis c6uneo#
ria variatur. Q,uod meat voloctis quot ab vno
loco ad alium mtiUana Gnt/pctpcnde ddigenter In
quibus gradibus latitudinis (mctalialoca Sc quoc
gradus medient/ deinde vide in formula iupen'ori
quot milliana talis gradus habeat & nniltipLicai nu
meru milliariu per numeni medk>tu graduu/ atqf
tnilliahu nutnerus refultabic qu( cuitaltca (ueiiiK
diuidas per quatuor/ Sc Germatrica habdbis»
H^c ^ indu<fhone ad Cofmograpbiaidiifla (iiflidat .
fi te modo amonuenmus prius/nus in depingendis ^^^^
tabulis typi generalis no omnimodo iequutos effi:
Pchotomfu/pr^fcrcini circa nouastenrasvbitn car
tismarinisaliteranimaduertimusfquatorehi cofti
tu i cjp Ptholom^s f(^ceriLEt^pindeno dd)ct nos
(Htimculparequi tllud ipm notauerint. Confulto
ein fecQmus quod hie Pmolonieu/alibi cartas ma^
rinas fequuti {umus.Cu & ipfe Ptholom^ quin^
tocapiceprimilibrLNonoinnes continends paw ^'"'Oia
cesobfugmagnitudinisexcefRunadipfiusperue^ ^^*
niife noticiam dicat/ et aliquas quemadmodum (c
habeanc ob peregrtnantium negligentiam (ibi nii<»
cms diligenter traditas /alias eflequas aU'ter acc;^ alj
ter fe hs>ere cotingat ob corrupticnes 8c mutatio
nes in quibus jp parte cormiife cognit^ (unt. Fuit
jgit neceilecquod ipfe fibictta fadundu ait)ad nc^

b

XXXVII

APPEP

Annciflamus adhuc (

Jptui canamus elcuadoni

centrihorizontis Sc din

gon 8c quodda corolarii

uderauerinms is quadrai

ad has res impenines. C

me poll* (iipra caput elei

mata cognofircrc oporte

drans hocpado. Diuu

tcs quacuor/ita quod du

«ngiilo$ reAos inter fe«

lui parte ptnaulas habet:

tera'^quatOTtm (Igjufical

qu? eft inter femiaxem p

tarn (cmidiamctnim in p

pofita in totidem/ figafcjp

fif paratus trit quadrahs.

euita vtg pinnulai^fora

Sc ad quod^ma atcit in i

HaSenus ocequuti capita propofita/fuVipras Ion
Pinquas expaciaciones fequctcrintroducamus Ve
Iputi^ /ringulonim hiioTum exitum circa inflitutii
tradences.

Finis tntroduAionis

DSchi ^^^^^^"^ Acthiopcs i\
1^ /. Aphrica confuroit qui!

* , . Afiians cum Libico I
^^^^ Ex alia populo Vulturi

Atsfiri '"^<^* velod per firct

P Subiacethic^quonodli

1^ ^ . BaiTaqp PraJbdo ccn

UMIS - Non nota c tabulis o
Vumir Comigcri Zenith tropi
J?** Atcp comes multg f u

lapro Dcxtrorfum immenfb ti
jy^^ Tdlus/quam recolic r
p p Hanc quei9 <^^sl (uum i
p' ®* Inuenicmiflapervad:
*?*?*t Sedquidplurarfitu/gen

umt"^' Anicridparuamolclil

A . Gandide f)raccro voluas

™^ EilcgenoiinafumRfa

Q.VATVOR AMERia VE>
SPVni NAVIGATION68

Eius quffubfcqucmcta^

cedevulgari

Galiicoin

Latinti

traftu

Decaftidion ad ledorem:

A(pides tenuem quifquis fortafle logiam

Naui^um memorac paginatiofha placcna*
Continet inuentas oras/genter(]^recenter

Lftificare (tia qug nouitatc queant»
H(c erat altilo quo prouinda danda MaronI

Qui daret cxcelfg veiba politarei.
Itte quot ambiuit &eta cantat Troius herOs:

Sic tua Ve(puti vela canenda feren^
Has igiturledhi terras vidirus/inilltt

Materiam libra:nonfadentisopus;
* Item diflichon ad eundetn
Cum noua deledlent fama teftantc loquad

Quereaeare queunthicnoualedorhabct

XLI

datioiie
Fieri pot illuftriflimc F
ifta temeritate ducaturm
Jjuod ha(cc licteras tarn pr
lubucrcar/cum tamcnfd
is confilijs 8c crehris reipu
GttumuAt<p exiftimabot
ptuofiis/fcd ctiam odofus
cans/vt res ftatui tuo mini
kdabiK fed barbaro ^ua
humanitatis cuitu alienus)
gem nominatim fcriptas/*
ca qua in tuas ^ tutes habe<
fequentiu rem nccp ab and
ptarum Veritas me corltl*
Mouit meimprimis ad fail

8cneuenutus.Mthuniilis
IIS no pcenitendus/qui dun
precatus eitvt.t.Alreifupc
onibus in diun^i's nUnH, «*.,

(uium ocdclcnte ^^fus foeaVafteras dfiias ludu Ma*
nuelis Luficanif regis ad Auftiii Jtacp me ad id nc#
goci] accinxi fperas g? .t- M. mc de clientuloi?^ nu^
merono exdudecvbi recordable cj> olimutuaha
buerimus inter nos amidcia tepore iuuentutis nrf
cu oramaticf rudimeta imbibentes fub ^baca vita
&do(fh-ina venerabiPSf religiofi fratris de.S^Mar
CO FnuGeorgi^ Anthonrj Vefputi) auunculi met
pariter niilitaremus « Cuius auunculi veHrigia vti^
nam fequi potuiflfem/alius profeAoc vt & ipfe Pc
trarcha ait) eflem qp fum» Vtcuq^ tn fit/no me pu^
dct efle qui fum. Semper em in ipfa j^tute & rebus
ftudiofis fummahabuideiecflatione* Quod fi tibt
h^ narrationes omnino non placuerintidicamOcuC
Plinius ad Mg cenate fcnbit Olim facetijs meis de^
kiflari folebas.Et licet. M.t. fine fine I reipublicg ne
gacf)s occupaca fit/niliilominus tantu tepons qii*
cp fuffiiraberis/vt has res ^iiis ridiculascqug tame
fua nouitate iuuabut)pellegere poffis.Habebis em
hiGxineis Iris pofl curaru fometa Sc meditameta
negodoru no modica deleftatione/ficut et ipfe foe
niculus prius fumptis efculentis odore dare SC me
liore digefbone facere afueuit.Enim vero fi plus g^
^lixus fiiero / venia peto* Vale*

Incl^iiime rexfciat.t.M.quodadhasipfas re#
gioncs mercadi caufa primu venerim *Dum(^ ptM
qdrennii reuoJutlone J cis rebus negodofus eiTeni;

XLIII

fibus cxandatis iftiufinod

oru laborum finem in res 1

wlcs poncrclta diQwfui n

tK»c6cetnplandas/& diuc

das. Ad qua rem fe 8C tcpi

tu(it,fpfecm Caftilig rex F

parabat naues ad terras no

<li(a)operiendas/aiiiis ceMi

gatlda in ipfam fodetate d(

ma die Mai). Mcccc. xcvi).<

ftfii per ma^u oceani finii

RdHone.xviij9cDa(umauini

lucntes terras firmas/^ini

fesvtplurimu habitatas/qu;

Honem nuUam fceccmnt V

taliii non habuifle noticia a

ite me fallat memini me in al
t€ vacuum et fine hominibu
l>pinionis ipfeDantes Poe
deuigefimo capitc deinferis

PRINCIPIVM

TERRARVM INSVLARVMQVE VA.
fianim Dcfcriptio :quaruin vcftuti no monincnie
aucons Nupa ab anno incainatj domini M.cccc
scvij.bis geminis nauigadonibiis in maridiTcurfls/
inuentanEduabus videlicet in man ocddentali pet
domin u Femandum Cafhlif/rdiquisveio duabus
in Auilraliponto perdominQ Manude Poitiigal
lif (axnidimos reges/ Americo Vcfpucio vno ex
Naudcris nauiumcp prjfecflis prjdpuo/ fubreque
tern ad prjfiinim doniinu Fernandum Cailillif rr^
gcm/de huiufmodi terris & iiiTulis edente nairatio

NNO DOMINI . M. CCCa
I xcvij.xx.menfis Mai) die/nos cum
j iiij.conreruanti^nauibusCaliduiD
I exeuiitespomun/adin(uIas(|oliin
j fortunatas/nucvnomagnam Ca
"nariam ditflas )in fine ocddentis ha
bitati polhas in teitio climateifup quo/ extra ho«
rizontcnieaium/re.xxvi).giadibusciiduobus ter
(i)S/(«ptentrionali3 rieuat polus/diftaref<^ ab hae
ciuitate Lifbona in qua colcriptum exn'tic hoc pr;
fens opufc(iIum.cc.lxxx.Ieuds:vento inter meri«
diem &C Lebeccium ventum (pirante/curfu phmo
pertigimus. Vbicnobis dc lignis/aqua/cfterifcp n«
ceflfariis proiudendo ) cofumptis oAo fere diebus
nos ifa^inprimis ad deuinorationc) deuatis d£4

(vel drdtcr) leudsrextn

habitatu eft .Quod ex e

trionalepolu extra huiu(

xvLgradibus fe deuare/i

cp magiif Canarif iTulas

musi^ut inftrumeta oia

Ais de prora achoris)da(

media diftante/reftare co

phafelis armis 8c gete fti

ad littus attigimus.Quo

nudam fecundu littus eui

•nus. Vnde no paruo afRr

cm qui nudi incedere con

Cp propter nos ftupcfacli

< vt arbirror)(^ veftitos /a

nosefle incuitifunt.Hi) f

gnouerunc/omnes in pro

aufugeriitia quo tunc nee

ct anucid^Uis/vt ad nos ;

lucnte vero int^rra nrt/><.

PRIMA

ma/vt fimccmane fac!lo)difcedercmu8!exqufrere#

fnufej^poituquempiafii/vbiiioflras i^ationein tu

tacoUocaremus naues* Quadeliberatioe arreptal

nos vcnto (ccundu colic (pirantitraditis yebs/poiv

^iviCu terrain ipfam fcqucndo/at^ ip(o plag^ in

lictore/gences cctinue percipiendo)duos intcgroft

lUtuigauimus diesilocum nauibus fatis aptum com

pcrimusjn quo media tan tu leucadiilantes ab ari*

da/conn:iumiis:vidimurq; tuncinibi innumerabM

lemgentiu turbam/quamnoscominus infpicere/

& alloqui de(iderantcs:ipraiiiet die littpri cii cym#

bis & nauiculis nojflns appropiauimus:necnon 8C

tunc in terram exiuimus/ordine pulchro«xldrcitet

viri hiiiufcemodi gente fe tamen a nobis & c6{br#

do noflro penitus alienam pr^bcteJca vt nullis ea

modis ad coUoquiu comunicadonemue noftra altt

cere valuerimus : prater ex illis paucos/ qs multos

podlabores ob liocfufceptos/tandem attraximus

ad nos dando eis nolas/fpccula/ ccrtos criftallinos

alia^ (unilia leuia/ qui turn fecuri de nobis efiedti/

CDndliatum nobifcum/necnon de pace& amici^

da tradlatum vencrunt* Subeunte autem interim

noifle/nos ab illis nofmet expedientes (relicflis eisJI

noflras regrefli fumus ad naues.Poftea vero fubi^

fequentis lummo diluculo diei/infinttai7i.iii littotB

^orum 8c mulierum paniulos fuos Tecum v€^

jdlgntfum gentem rurfum confoeximus cosnouv

XLVII

nacantes obuiam/fufcfpet
ca fecuritatc Sc confidenti
mifcuenint ac R nobifcu d
vC pariter frequencius pra
tuncperpanim obleAad i
ribus(quales cos habere v]
dem fe comoditas oflfert/ir
mus.

De monbus ac c
viuendimodis.

VANTVM AC

q Cp mores omnes:t2

dipenitus incedui

*end& & cum ex vtero todl

PRIMA

«

pc^roi nigrcnrctcfq? gerunt/& prcfertim rocmiag
<)u^ propcereafut tall fongo nigroCp nine decoi |»
Vultu non multu fpcciofi lUnt qm latas fades car^
tarijs adfimilacas habcr/nuUos fibi fiiiunt iti (iipm
cilt)5 oculonimue palpcbris ac corporc totO( crinU
bus deinptis)excrefcerc villos/ob id quod habitos
in corpore piles quid bcdialcbrutalec]^ rcputant*
Omnes cam viri ^ mulicrcs fiue meando fiuc cur^
rendo leues admodum ztcp vdoces exinui:qm( vt
frequenter expcrti fuinius)in ff etiam mulicrcs vn^
aut duas pcurrcre Icucas nihiliputat/ Sc iiihocnos
chnflicolas multu pr^cellunt. Mirabibtcr ae vicra
^ Gt credibilc natant:muIto qxiocp melius focmine
^ mafculi quod (requeuti expehmento didicimus
cum ipfas etia fccminas omui prorfus fufteatami^
ne deiicicntes duas in ^quoreleucas pematare per
fpeximus. Armi eorum arcus funt 8C fagitt?/quas
multu fubtihter fabricarc norunt* Ferro metallifc]^
alijs carentrfed pro ferro beftiarum pifciumue den
cibus fuas fagitcas armant/quas ctiam(vtfortiores
exi{l:ant)viia quoq? fepe pr^urunt*Sagittarrj funi
certiCTimLltavt quicquid voluerint iacuUs fuis fcri
antnionnuiiifq; iiilocis muUercs quoq; optim^ fa^
gittat rices extant. Alia etiam arma habei veluii Ian
ceaspraeacutafuc fudes/ necno 5^ dauas capita mi
rificc laborata habcntcsr.Pugnarc potiflfimu afTue "
ii (iinladuerfus fuos alienigenc lingue ronfmes cd

XLIX

1 .

imponere poflfit /& deinde
here( profit ipfi fgpe vidimu
a terra leuare quea&Nuila 1
fedlos habenc/quinymmo(<
dominus extet)nuUo feniai
regnandi domiiiiuue fuum i
tnordiiiac^cupidicatis gratis
(bluin ob iiiimiddam in illis
iufquidem in jmicici^ caufatr
indicant iiiG vt fuorum moi
(brum.H{cgens fua in liben
diens nee regem nee dominu
fe potidimum animant 8c ac
ftes ex eis quempiam aut cap
teremeruni^Tuc em eiufdem
confanguineus fenior quifcj^
plateas 8c vicos padim clami
8C (liadens vt cum eo in prfli
necem vindicaturi propereni
ne moti mox ad pugnam fe a

PRIMA

nitint/iqiiinymmo nee parmtesfpfi panndosfiips
«docenc auccorripiunt. MirabiUtcr eos inter (e(c
conqdcftionari nonnunc]^ vidimus. Simpliceslnlo
quda (e oftentant,verani callicB mulcum ac^ tftu^
ti funtPerraio /& fununifla voct loqaucur / d[<&
<]uibu8 vtimur accentibus vtentes. Suas vtpluti#
saum voces inter dentes & labra C;>tmante8:alijs
vtuntur vocabulis ^ nos.Horiiphirioif iiint ydio
natu varietates quonia acentenario leucanim fii
centenariu diuerGtatemlinguartimie mutuo nulla,
tenus intelligentiu reperimus* ComeiTandi modu
valde baibarurn retinentinec quidem notatis man
4ucant horis/fed Cue no<fle fiue die iquotiens edenr
^i libido fuadecSolo manducantes accund>unt/dC
nulla mantflia nuliaue gaufapaccu lineamenns pan
nifcp aliys careant) habent.Epulas Gias atc^ cibarta
in vafcuht terrea quf ipfimet cpfingunt/aut in rae#
dtas cucuibitarum.ceftas ponunt*lnretiacuiis qui#
bufdam magnts ex bombice jBuflis Sc in aere Aup^
fis donnitant :qui modus <|(uis infolitus dC a(peri#
or fortftflis videriqueas /ego nihilominus tale dor
mitandimodum fuauem plunmumiudico.Etenint
cum in eifdem eoru retiaculis mihi plerumc|p dor#
smcafle- contigerit/in illis mihimetipfi melius cp in
tapeabus quas habebamus efleperfend Corpore
valde mudi (uc et expoliti/ex eoj^ feipos fire^ntifll

LI

cum uquidem illos nobif

iwfitos fiiamfmpudidlTi

ariflc pCT(pcxcriraus.Null

ri focdus I (uis conubijs ol

quot mulieres quiTcj^cocu

4eiIIas quandocucp void

tia aut opprobrio habcam

hac re vticp tarn viri cp mu

untur.Zcclofi paru/Iibidii

tnagifc^ fcemin^ ^ mafcul

tiabili mg fariffadant libid

fubticcndaccnfuimus.Ej i

lis icecund§ admodu funt

(iintpenas autl(d>ores euit

dolore paiiunt^lta vt in era

vhicp ambulcnt:prgfeitim<

quodpiam fcfe ablutu vad

tf ep inde( vcluti pifas)appj

odio malfgno adco deditf 1

cxacerbaucrint viri/ (ubico

PRIMA

roram paniuTipeieantVenu Ao ^ elegani^^por
tEione copacflocorporefuntltavc inillis qu(tqiil
deferme niillo infpid modo poflit Et quauis di(V
mideambulencinteriamriinatameti earuin/pui3i#
bunda fie honede repofta funt vt nuUatenus vide
riquean t prf tcrquatn regiuncula tUa anterior qua
Verccundiorevoeabulo pedhifeulum ymu voca#
mus quod & in i^is vti^ non alicer ^ honefle na^
tiira ipfa videndum reliquit Sed & hoc nee quide
curant qm vc pauqs expediam n5 magis in fuoru
^^on^ piidendorumouentcp nos in oris no flri/
Siucvultus odentencacioe. Admiranda pervalde
sem diiccrent muliere in eis manimillas pulpas ve
laxas aiit ventrem rugatu ob nimiu partu habente
ciim omnes equse integre ac (blide po ft partu fern
perappareant acG niicp peperifTent* Hee quidcm
fe noftri cupicotiflimas ede mondrabant. Ncmi^
neminhac genre legem aliqu am obferuarevidi'^
mus nee quidem iud^' aut maun nuiicupari (bli^
de qneuut cuin ipfis gcntilibus aut paganis mul^
to deleriores fint Etenim no perCenfimus cf facnfi
davUafadantautq^loca orationifue domos ali^
quas habeant«horum vitac qu^ omnino voluptu^
ofaeft)Epycuream exiftimoillorum habitant""
fingulis ipfis (unt communes/ Ipffcp illorumdo^
mus campanarum in/larcoftruAe funt firmiter ex
magnis arbonbus folidatepalmaru foli)s dcfvpct

LIII

NAVIGATIO

ntt&e 8C actuerlus ventos & temprllaces tutifll
InonuUirA in locis tarn magnj vtia illaru vnica
Icentas effe perfonas tnuenerimus .Inter qwuf
fto populofiliimas effe coperimus Gc vt in eis e&
It habitarent<^ pariter animarii dece inilia.O(!l3
1 quolibet aut feptennio fuas Cedes habitationef
rranifemt/qui eius rei caufam incerrogati natu«
rrefponGimdedemtdicences c|jphebivehemS
tdus occaGon^ hoc faceret ob id cp exilloRzIoa
Ire in eodem loco relideiitia aerinre<fhis corru#
m<p redderetur qug res in eorii corporibus vati
lauTaret jgritudines quf quidc eoru ratio no ma
limpta nobis vifa eft Eorumdiuirijiutvarion
bru auium plume aut in modu lapjHomin illoR

PRIMA

Iwnlcs {iiiit fie in petoido & acc^cn^ cwictilQ
Biipoft^fecuiquam amicos cxhunictint , Mud*
imim podflimumcp amiad{(uc fignum in hocpct
hbent q> tarn vxores & filial proprias amlds An*
pro libitohabendasolFerunc in quare parens vtcT
^felongchonoratiiih cxlllimatcumnataeius 8C
uvirginonadconcnbitiifuiiniquirpiam dignatut
& abducit & in hoc luam inter le amidam potidw
mumcodliant.Vanisineoi^decefla multiqsmo^
dis neqaiis vnihtur.Poiro (iios nonulli detudlos
inhumocumaquarepehiit&inhuniantillisad ca
put vic^abaponcntes quibus cos poirevefd SC
sdimcntaripucantnullumddnde jsptcT cos alium
planiflum aut alias cniraonias cfhdrntes. ^Vlij qui
bufdam in lods barijanflimo atcp inhumaniifimo
fepcliendi vtunturin6do.Q^uippe cu eotum que*
piam monis momento proxunum autumant illii
cius pFopinquiores in Uluani ingentem quamdam
defcrunt vbi eii in bombiceis reciacubsiUis in qui*
bus doimitant impolitum & recubantead duas
atboresinaerafu^jcnduntacpodmodum du^fas
area eu Cc fulpenlumvha totadie chorcis itruente
iteritn no Ae ei aqua vii&cp aliu <s q^uatuor auc
circif dies viuere qat ad caput apponut & ddnde
lie inibi (bio pendete t^liAo ad fuas habiratioes re
deut cnjibusitapa(!tisfiirde»n>tuspofteamadu
cct&bibatacindeadcouale&ntiamfamtatem^

NAVIGATIO

lat&adhabitatione,ppriamr«ne(t 3lu ciai

5 acpropinqui/oi maximis fafcipiut cerimo

\t pcrpanci fuut qui ta grandc prjtereant pe

jcu cos ibidem nemo pofteavilitct quid tuc

Ji forfan decedut nulli aliam habencpoftea fir/

lura. Alios quocp compluresbarbaros habent

1 quoseuicande^lixitatis hicomit^imus gra<

jiuerfis variifcp medicamibus in iuis n^orbis

rimdinibus vtuntqujficanofbi's difcrepant

coueniuntvcmirarcmurhaudparii qualitcr

\ quis euadere poflet Nempe vt frcqucnri didi

us experientia cii eorij quempia febncitare co^

rit hora qua fcbris eum aiperius tnquietat ipm

i immerpiic 8c balneantc

PRIMA

eccafiSc ^<cx ndicibus/lni<!libus;tin]]isAraii|M
pifdbus (iu3iint,Omni fanis granorSch alionim te
nunecaKnt Comunis veto coram palfau Cue vi«
fiusaiborca radix quedam eft qoainfarrlnaradt
bonScomiauunt&hancradicemquidam conini
iudia all) diambi alij veto ygnami vodtant. Alij*
camibus/prfcer^hominuperratoverctintinquj
buTquidem hominucamibus vorandis (tc in hums
nifunt&ininanruetivtinhocomneferalem om«
nem ve beftiale modii liipetent. omncs em hoftes
fuosquos autpciimuntautcapcos detincttam vi
ros ^ fsminas indiftindc cum ea fetitatc deglutio
unt vt nihil rerum/nihil vcbrutu magis did vel in
(pid queat quofquide iic efcros imanefcp (ore / va
rrjs in lods inihi nxquentius contigit afpcxilTc mif
rantibu$ illis q> inimicos noftros uc qxtocfi ncquaf
quammanducaremus.Echoc ptoccno maieftas
vtcdra regia tcncat Eoqt cofuetudinescquaspluri^
mas habejii)ricbaibarcrunt.vt hie nunc fuflicicn*
tcr facis enairari no valcacEt qm in mds hifce bis
geminis nauigac5ibus/tam vatia diucrfac^ ac tarn
anoftris rebus & modis difTcrecia perfpexi Iddrf
CO Iibellu quepiam (que quattuor dictas fiuc qua«
tuor nauigatioHcs appcllokofcriberc pataui con»
Icripficp in quo maioiem reru a mc viCaru pane di
(UnAcfatisnuxtaingcnioIimdtcnuitate/coUc^
Youtamoinonadbucpublicauiilninoveio <|^

NAVIGATIO

111 panicularitcr magis ac fingillatim tangenmr
irco vniuerfalia hk;{olumodo j>fcqu<:ns adna»
;ationon noftra priorem perGciendi a qua put
er digrrfTus fiieram iam redco.
J HOC NA VIGU NOSTRl PRIMORdio
rabircomoditaus rts/no vidimufida'rco(vtopl
rtqj eoRi linguS no capiebamus prjtercp nonuU
iih dcnotanda/quod n5nuUa indicia in tellure A
(Te monftrabant . Heccinc ^o tcUus quo ad fuj
i poGtioneq^ tarn bona e(i vt vix melior queat»
•cordauimus aut vt ilia derelinquetes logius na^
atione^duccremus.QuavnanimrtatcIulccp*
109 dehincarida ipam collateraliter femg CeAi
necno gyros mFtos fcalafc^ plures circueuntes

PRIMA

fiint magno propter nos timore affisfti [ant/t^hi
ran liios confelh'm pontes omnes cotra no j eleua
uenint&feredrindeinfuis domibui abdidcrunc
Qua rem^fpeAantibus nobis & baud pai« adml
fantibus ecce duodedm eoru lintres vrdrciter/ fin
gulas ex folo arboris caudice cauatas(quo nauium
genere vtunt)ad nqs interim per jquor aduentare
confpezimus/quorenauderi effigiemnoffa-ahabi
ta<p mirantes ac fere circu nos vndi^ recumferen
tes nos emiaus afpiciebatQuos nos quocp ex ad
oerfo profpidentes/plurima ds amiddj Qgna de«
dimus/quibus eos/vt ad nos intre^ndt accederent/
cxhortabamur/quod tn efficere cotepferunt.Q^uS
rem nobis pdpiemibus mox ad eos remigare inc£
pimtisy qiii nequa^ nos pr({iolati fi^c quinymmo
oinscofefhmiiiterramtugAtdatis nobis interim
fignis vt illos paulifper expeAaremus, Ipi em exte
plo reuerfuri forent.Tumcpin montc quenda i>pe
>aueft/a ^ edu As bis<o Ao iuuencuf & i lintribus
fills pfads vna fecu aflfiiptis mox )^s nos regrefo
fi fuc. Et pofl h^ ex iuuecuFipis qtuor i iinguf na
liiix nf aqt pofuert/que fadedi modu noshaud pajtt
admirati tuc (iiimus/jjut vra.ratis ^pedere pt ma<
kftas.C{teTii^ cu lintribus fuis pmilTis inf nos na
nefi^ nf af comixti fut & nobifcu flc padfice locutj
£u vt illos amicos nf os fidelidtmos eflc reputare«
«iit<Jn&a]^0'eccc4<$exdointbufcoi)ipmeoratif

c tiii

1

NAVIGATIO

anon modica per mare natiouu aduentarc ce;
ijuibuslcaadueniencibiu Sfnauibiunfis tana
tropincjuare incipientibus nectn proinde mali
t<5 adhuc fufpicaremurnirfu ad earudc domo
omforn/vcnilas nonullas cofpeximua qu^iin
liter vociferantcs &ccdu magnis damordius
ilent«« fibimet/in magnj anxietatis indiciu pra
>s eueUebat capillos quires macna mali fulpe*
incm nobis tunc attulit Tum(^ fubitoiafiu eft

X i mare^ filerent ac ilK qui in hntnbus erant ic
nobis elongantcs mox contra nos arcns itios
inderent nof^ duriflime fagittarcnt. Qoi -jfa
>niibnspermarenatantesa4luenid>anc fingidi

PRIMA

(dmos van i cis quitquacnifi vetulas duas et egia*
tibtem vim vnicuMoninuenimus.quarcjUidc to*
tundofflos igni fuccendcre no voluimus ob id q>
rolcicnu(fcnipuluhocipfuincirc formidabamus
Hofth(canteinad nauesnoftrascu pr^ta^'s m
ptiuis quinip remcauimus & eordecaptiuos/pr{7
tcr^hiuenculasipfas/incompcdibusietTnsalliga
uimus Eede ^o iuuenculc captiuoi«cp viroi% vnus
penicnienti no Ac a nobis fubtiliflinie euafcrut his
Stacp ptraAis,Sequcnri die concordauimus vt r»
li^opoituillolongiusrecunducoUcm proccdere
IDUS pncutfir<p.Ixxx.fere leucis gentem alia quam
damcopcrimus b'ngua& conuerTationfpjnitus a
priore diuctfam Couenimufcp vt claflem inibi no
ftram anchoraremus & deinde in terram ipam/cu
nauiculis nodris accedcremus. Vidimus autcnuic
ad littus in plaga gentiu turbam.iii). M. pcrfonam
Vel drcitcrexiitcre qui cunos appropriare perfen
ferunt nequacp ncs pr; (lolati funt quinymmp ciui
Ais oat habcbaiit reliifiis omnes in filuas & nemo
ta dittugeriit Turn vcro in terra pn>riUetes/& vi2
Vnam in filuas tendente /^tus eft batifle iaAus /{;
•mbulantes mox tcDtoria plura inuenim'us quf ibi
dem ad pifcandu gens ilia teicndcrat& inillis co#
piofos ad de coquendas rpulas luas ignes accende
lat/arsfeAo beftias ac pFrs variai;: fpeciciv pilres
inn aflabu Vidimus au(c inibi cenu aflaii aiiiinal

NAVIGATIO

odcrit(c3cmptis alis quibus carebatjferpenti (i
Jiinu tamep bnitu ac filucftrc appaicbat vtdut
modicu mirarcmur feritate . Nobis vero per ea
n tentona longius ^grcdientibus plutimos hu
rcmodi fcrpetcs viuos iiiuenimus qui ligao's pe
us ora quocp finibus ligatanc cade aperirc pof
t habebat/^ut deeanibus aut feris alijs ne mot
c qucant effici folet. Afpeftii tam fcru eadeprj
rut animalia vc nos ilia vencnofa puianrcs nul
nus audcremus cotingere.Caprcolis in magni
(nc bracliio vero cii medio in longitudinc f qua
unc.Pedes longos materialcfcp niultu ae foni*
vngulis armatos ncenon &r difcolore pellc di*
infima habet/roilru'^ ac facie veh fcrpetis gc«

PRIMA

pUindenobts recutifiactiau&m voluimtu qob
ByinniomdrdE«>i|!taitoriisgmKa deretultsos
ImimloidsqpetpedercpoUentdciduiquetet ad
na^ei nfas Tub node rcpedauimus. Sequent! Vo
dic«5exorirititanindpercc(nfimtiuilittore gal
te odftere gcgiinnu ad 4s in terra tuc acccfflmuK
Eti^uisfenfitiniidosoftedemfeipostniter no*
permifcuerut 8c nobifcu pradicare ac coucrfari cS
fecuritate c^perut amicos nfos fe plurima fote pet
Gmulantes/infinuantefc]pilIichabuati5eseomnoii
dTe/veif! cf pifcandi gf a aduenerIt.Et iddrco tod
tZtes vt ad eoi^ pagos cu eis accederemus ipi etem
nos tamfp amicos redpere vcUent ct h3c qiiide de
Jlob£s cdc^erat amidcia captiuoi^ duoi^E jUoi^^
tcncbamus )occa(i6e/qui eoi):ininudeiSt,Viraac
(OD! magna rogadiimporcunitate cocordauinnit.
sxiij.ex n obis eu ilfi bono apgatu cu ftafaili nunte
(fi cogcrct nece(Gfa9}oes ftr^nue moiiGi itaa no
bifcii per tres extitilTent dies & tres cu eis g p*S,i
tefric^illa excellifrcmus leucas/ad paguvnu noue
dumtaxat domoHt venimus vbi cii tottamcp bat>
baiis ceiimonijs ab eis fufcepti fuimus vt fcribeic
paaa novalcat A^tputa cu doreis & catids acpS
Abushilaritate &lftidamixtis/necn5ciJfeMurci
bat^Cep mTtis.Ec ibide node ilia rcquieuimus vbl
^TOiias vxores fuas nobis cu pi j>3iga]itate obtule
tut/q quidenosficiportiicfolicitabacvtviiceifdE

^IEi4H

NAVIGATIO

im fufflcercmus poftcp iSt illif notrt vna ru
hi die pctflirimm/ingei ad mirabiTqt ppTs abf
lAitiocfhiporecpadnos infpidedos aducnic
xniorcs nos ^qt rogabac vt fecti ad alios eons
>s(qui logius in terra erac)c6mearenius quod
lide ris anuimujHic diflu facile no e ^tos ipi
is ipcdcrt honores Fuimus a6t apud ^mFcu
1 populatSes/perltegtos nouedies cii ipis eun
>b quod nobis nri q in nauibus remaferat retu
foci) fe idcirco pleruqp i anxietate timore<^ no
lo excitide. Nobis autbis noueleucis aut circi
coru terra cxiftetjbus ad naucs nras repcdarc
pofuimus Et quide noftro in rcgrelTu tarn co*

PRIMA
IbitunatulcSzlicciii^pDtaliuqui intnnlmauu
dis aquu nos in coSo dotCo veCio nSfiirAarc po{
tcru QuJfprimu autc ad mare pcniginins BCmct
bs noftros conlcenderc voluimus in ipfo faTdotu
noftroru afccnfu tanta ipfonim nos comitanriu et
nobilcu afcendere cocntanriu acnaucs noftias vi
doe cocupifcentiS prefliira Hut vt npflri Idem fafe
lip^nepreponderefubmergerent/in ipfis auteno
mis dldem fafdis recepimns ex eis nobiTcu quot
qnotpotuimusac eosadnaues noftras vfc^p per/
diudmusTandedam illoruper marenatantes &-
Tnanoscocomitantesaduenerut vttot aduenta/
remoleftiulculeferrcmuscu fiquide pluref^ mil/
kin noftrasnaues licet nudi& inermes intn>iui&
raitA^paracumaitificiuc])noilTunecno& navin
i^iarumagiu'tudinem minuices Aft tunc quiddam
tiludignuacciditNamcu machinam/tormentorS
qtbcUicorunodrotuquedaexonerare cocupere*
inuset^pterhoc(impontoigne>maclunjipr{hor
lidiilime teiiuiflent pars illoru maximac audito hu
ju(ixmoditommio)rereinmare natjtans percipi«
tanit veluti fok'te liint rane in ripa Qdetes qu; fi foi
teffis tumultuoliim quitqua audiun^ feie in j3fun/
diimlutiIatitatur(immergut/quemadinoduni&
gens ilia tuncfecerunrillii^ eoriiquiad naues au«
bgerantrfic tunc pert emti fijeru t vt nos fa(fh J10»
ftrinoCnetrephendercmus.Vemillos mox (eciv

^^^EpIHH

NAVIGATIO

efle ftcimus nee ampbus ftupidos eflepermiQ
i infinu antes eis cp cu talibus armis hoftes Dot
•s perimercmus.Pofi:^ aut lUos ilia tota die in
ibus niis feftiug iradauimus ipfos a nobis abi
)S cfle monuimus qiii feqnti noiSenos ab hinc
redfrecupiebamus.Quoaudito/ipicufumma
ciaa beneuoIenria<J mox a nobis egrcffi funt.
acgenteeorucp terra cpmultoseoR! ntus vidi
rioui<« inquibushicdiutiusimorarinS cupio
npofteanofle vfitequeat maieitas qualiter
uauis nauigationu hare mf aru magis admiran*
nnotacuC^ digniora co(cnp(ehm ac in Iibelhim
ftilo geographico coUegerem que libellu qua#
' dietas mntulaui & in quo Ijngula particulanf

PRIMA

(nmmodoriiiceotom pfnnarii^ tfilibut fteudi

fuhtvt idfitvifiienammip mirabileregio Gqui#

Manilla multum amena (hiAifcraCp eft/liluis ac ne

inonbusmaximispl{naqua:omni tempore virct

riec coram vm<i^ (olia fluunt, Fra<!fais rdam innu«

mnabiles 8C nolbis omnino diflimiles habent hee

dne tellus in corrida zona {ita e(l dircAe (ub para#

IcUo qui cancri tropicu deictibit vn polus orizon*

tis eiu(He (e.xxiri.gradibus deuacin fine climacis (e

cundi Nobis autinibi exiftcntibus nos coteplatS

populus mulcus aduenit efflgiem albedinemq^ no

(bam mirantes quibus vnde veniremus (aicitantj

bus e codoinuilendetcrrc gratia nos defcendifle

refpondimus quod & vn'c^ ipfi credcbat in hac td

lure baptiiletia fontelu^ facros piures inflituimus

inquibuseoruminfinitjfeipfbs baptifari fecerunc

fe eorii lingua charaibi hoc efl: magn; fapienti{ vi*

tos vocantes Et prouincia ipfa Paiias ab ipGs nun

cupata eft .Poftea aijt portu ilium terramcp dere<

linquncs acreaindacoUetranrnauigantes& ter

ram ipfam vilu lemper {equentes.Dcce.Ixx.Ieuca3

aportuiUo percurrimus fadentes gyros drcuitu&

c^ interim miiltos 8C cum gentibiis multis conuer

fantes praAicantefip. Vbi in plerifcp lods auf^cfed

no in grandi copiakmimus cii nobis terras illas re

perire & fi i eis aunz foret tuc fufficeret cognofcere

£t quia tuncxiij.iam menfibiu in nauigation; nfa

NAVIGATIO

h'teramus et nauab'a nr a apparatufc^ noRri to

n^condimptieranthominefc^labore perfra^

pomunem inter nos de rellaurandt? nauJcuUs

as qugaqua vncli(^redpicbant&rcpctunda

bania iniuimus cocordiam in qua dum perfidc

s vnatumitatgprope portu vnu crainus tori*

Irbis optimu in quern cu nauibiis noibis intra

Ites'Tgctem ibide inB'nica inuenimus qug nos cu

Piiamfcepitamidda in terra auteilla nauicuia

Icumreliquis nauiculis nofcris ac dolrjs nouam

Hcauimusipfafcpmachiiiasnoftras ac tormcn

Jellica qu^in aquis viidicppfneperibant in tcr#

I lufcepimus noftrafcp naucs ab cis exoneraui^

1 terra traximus c

PRIMA

quamdX vaMt fnocc & tb infcftam aifterr/4|ii{
ccrto anni tempore per viam maris in ipCun com
tenSperinfidiasingrelfimmc^ditorie/nncfivin
Qmultoscoruinterimercntmanducafenu^ dcin*
de,Aliosi^oin(uateiTiruar<p domos captiuatos
ducerent/conm quos ipi Ce vix defendcre pollait
nobi^infinuanicsgentcillam cjuamdj inhdueuv
mfula qu( I man leuds centu aut drciter eracQui
remipfi nobis cu canto afleAuacquennioniacain
mcmorauerutvreisexcondolentiaimgna CTedc»
rcmus/^mitteremurcy vt de tands cos vindieaie»
musimun^s/jjptcrquodillilcetantesnopaiu cRe
&/ feie nobiicum ventures fponte fua propriaob
nilctut/quodpluresobcauras acceptarerecufauir
mm demptis fepcon q<ios data conditione rec(pi
mus vt foli in fuis lintribus i propriaremearet/ qni
rcducendoru coru cura fufcipere nequaqua inten«
debamus cuiconditioniipli cpgratanter acquieuc
rat.EtttaiUos amicos noftros plurimu tRe£tos dc
Klinquetes ab eis abceflimus.Rcdauratis aiitrcpg
Wifcp naualibus nofttls/fepte pergym maris(vni
tbinfgrjcu&leuantenos ducence) nauigauimin
dies Poft quos plurimis obuiauiihus infidis quarS
quide alij habitatf a]i{ ^o defeitj erat.Haiu igitur
Vnitande appropinquates & naues noHras inibi
fiftcfefadentes/vidimus ibidem ^maxunu gen«
litaccniuquiinfulamiUaltynuncuparem quibus

d

NAVIGATIO

oCpe^i 8f nauiculis phafelift^ noftris Viris vjtfl
t Sc machinis thbus ftipatts terrg eidem vicinius
propiquatcs.iiii.C.viros eu mulicnbus cpmlcisl
tta littus efTe confpexinius qui vt /deprioribus.
bitu eftoms niidimeantcs/coi^cflTjnuo erat/
pno bellicofi plurimu validicp apparcbanr/cuiu
Juidc orns armis fuis arcubus videlicet & fagiu
lanceifcp armari eflct/ quorum quofp coplurcs
rmas etia qdrataue fcuta gereb at gbus fie opor
le fefe pmunieb.it vt cos i iaculadis fagittis fuis
lliquo no impedirct, Cumcp cu phafelis noflris
jipfi cptus eftfagittg volatus appro piaflTemu*
s citiiis in mare^filiemnt & infmitis emiffis (a*
1 terra defccndc*

PRIMA

pugnarc quod 8f quidefsdmu*. Na tu aduttrum
Hlosinterramcuartnisnofhisprofiluimus/cotra
chilli fie icfc nobis oppofucrt vtduabus fermc ho
lis codnuu inuice geflehmus bellu/pter id cp de eis
»nagnafacei'cmusvi<floriamdemprisconjprrpau
ds quosbalillan)colubnnarfi^ notlri fuis ititere^
mcruiU telis quod iddrco ita enecftu c quia feipfos
anobis aclaceis enfibufc^ noftris (iibuliter fubtra^
fiebac. Verutamen tanta demii in eos incum'mus
violenaavtilloscugladtis mucronibufcp noftris
cominus attingeremus .Q^uofquidecupfenrifTent
omcs in fuga per liluas 8c nemora conuerH funt/ac
noscampi viftorescinterfe(fhsex eis vuinerztiCfp
plurimis)dereruenint.Hos aucprodieilla longio/
re fuga nequaqua infequi voluimus/ob id q» hxii
gati nimiu tuc eOemus quinpotius adnaues nfas
cum tanta feptem illonim qn^ nobifcum veneranc
remeauimus Iicticia vc tantum in fc gaudium vise
iprirufcipepo(fent.Sequeti auc aductate die vidi
musperinfulam ipfam copiofam gentium appro
pinquare cateruam cornibus inRrumentifi^ alrjs
quibus in bellis vtunturbucdnantem/qui & quo^
quedepiffti omnes ac varrjs volucru plumis omaf
cierancltavciatuerimirabileforet quibus percg^
pciseximtorurfuiafnosdeliberauimus couliovc
fi gens hgc nobis inimiddaspararet/nofmet cms

d ij

pia perpctua facercmu*

tuimus circa plaga ipfai

Jijvero (vtputo prg ma*

fios in terram tunc mini

iuimus i&turin cos in t(

lvij.WriSmguIi decurio

longu manuale geilimu

diucumam pugna plurii

tcrcmptos ex cis multo<

fit ad vCcp populatione

mus vbi comprehenGs

corum popuktione igni

naucs nofiras cu ipfis.x

in(crfe<flis exeademgei

ex nfis aut inccrcpto dui

scxij.qui oes ex dci adiut

rut.C;gtcru aut recurfu ii

dinatp^ viri fcptem illi <

quorii quincp in pr^fli

phafclo vno in infula ilia

8ECVM3A

fituvirianoIbamai}mintH>nereglien!!(St.Nol^
HyQsanicviamrequaites Ciliciutandan repeiiul
mas poRU cum. CC.xxq.captiuatis palbnis.x7«
O^biis die Anno dni.M.caxlxxxxix.Vbi Ijdfli
mefiitc^tifuimus/acvbieordecaptiuos noftras
vcndidimus.Ec h^cfunt qugin hzc nauigatioe no;
flia piiorc anno tatu digniora colpeximus.

Oc lecundarij nauigatiois cuifii

VANTVM AD ^CVNDARIB
nauigationiscurrum&caqufiniUaine
q moratu digna conljjcd /dicecin fequen
tibus.Ean£migitmchoantes nauisario
ncm Calidum exiuimus portu Anno dm M.cccc
lxxxix,Maij dtcCJuo exitu hQo nos cuifum no*
ftnim Campiuiiidis ad infulas arripientes necnS
ad infularammagnj Canari{ vifum tranfabeun*
tcsintantunauigauimus vtinful{cuidamqu£ ig«
lusinfuladidtappUcaremiu/vbifaifla nobis de li/
mis &aqua^uiGone&nauiigaa'onenolb-aTU»
lum|!Lcbccduvctuinc{ptaeft.Poft enauigatos
xix.dies terra quadanoua tandetcnuimus/quam
quidc fitma exiilere cenfiumus cotra ilia de qua &
Ctamlupnioiibusmecioeft/&quf quidetetraia
aDnatomdantttaUnearojquinoifildnnad panS
AnflniltacCipta^ttiineridioiulis ^lusfcv.cx

na fubmeifam necnoi

*fl€ iuuenimus/qu^ ec

dem etpn>c(rasaldflj

ftrabat vndc nemine i

Turn veto cofhtimus <

inus (bhitis nonnulli^ t

ipCsan accedere temaui

feni qarmes & drcu c;

pi^UMfHicftficflumini
venuniis vt nuf^ loa

nounmadercerecVidir
ipf^ figna ^mulca qoen
tnhabitata cflTct &: incol
dc figiia coGdcraturiin i
fcamus/ad naues nras r€
fif quidc ffdmiis.Quib
poKeainf Leuance 8c S
icaindu teiramc fie ipmi

pertencantes fgpnis intci
bus Iif»ii4^'e a in. im.r».^

8ECVNDA

lenSpr^cnt Quibus «>gnii|i ituSoti^aaSsas
confiUo {ado couenimus/vc nai^u noftru g ma/
ic ad Magiftratf rcflcSeremiu. lumcii fecudu tef
rafflipamintatunauigauinnn vttande ponuivni
■pplicaremus/qui beUillimlinruIam h^Simqf
iinuqucndamindusingreflu tcncbat/Iiipra que
nobis naiiigaiuibus vt in illu introiK poflcmiis iiw
menfam ininCulaipfagenautuibamainari quam
or Icuds aut drdcer diltace vidimus . Cuius ret ^i
({Catinopariiextianius.Igicpatatis pauicuUs nfis
vt in cande infula vaderemus lintrc quadi in qua g
Ion; complures crant ex alto man voiire vidimus
;ppter quodtuccouenimusvtcisinuafis^os c6>
prjhendemnus . Ec tuc in illos nauigareingytum
(neeuaderepoflenOdrciidare occgwnus/ quibus
Ciaquocp vice nitennbus vidimus illos(anra ton;
perata manete)remis fuis oibus furliun ete^ qua
li firmos ac reCdentes fe fignificare velle/qua re Ge
iddrco fllos efficere piitauimus vt inde n6s in adml
lationrm couerteret; Cu j^o fibi nos cominus apji
pinqrecognouidentremisruisiaquacoueriis ler
laj^iusremigareTcepef.Ann nobifdiaabafu vni
xlv.doliorii volatu celenimu educebamus/qu( tuc
tali nauigio ddata ell vt fubito ventu fu^ eos obd
IKKt£umcpirrucndi in illos adueniflet c5modi<
tas ipfi fefe apparatu<]p Giu inphalcio luo ordinate
Ipargetes'/fequocpad nauigandu acdnxeft Ita^
cu cospr(teriiircmus/'ipi(u£eTcconatiiat.Atnos

d iii)

1

NAVia ATIO

atgradibus extra quod<uncpdima°diAat(^ ea/
rn terra a pr^ominatis infulis vt per Lebecdum
itu coflabat leuci$.ccccc.ln qua terra dies cu no
>U9 {quales.xxvij.Iunij cum fol in cancri tropw
cftexiftere repoimus.EandeteiTain aquis oI<
fubmerfamneaionmagnisfluminibus gfufam
: iuuenimus/quf ct quidem femet plurimu vim
n etproc^rasalciHimarcpaiborcshabentenion
ibat vnde ncminein ilia elTe tunc percfpimut.
m veto coftitimus &: clalTem noftra anchorauj
s folutis nonnullis phafebs cu quibus-in tcrram
un accederc tentauimus.Porro nos aditum in H
I qoeretes & circii earn ^pius gyrantes ipain vt
ta*ftu eft fie fluminiivndisvbicpperfulam im

SECVTTOA

knSpt^Ktet Quibus cognitii iflcSMnicntibus
confiUo fado couenimus/vt naiitew noftni ^ nu<
re ad Magiftrale rcfleSeremu*. Tumcp fccudu tc(
cam ipam intatu nauigauiimu vt tandc pomii vni
applicaremus/ qui beUiflimamfulam Uliffimiuy
linuqucndaminciusingreflu tcncbat/fiipra que
nobis nauigantibus vt in illu intrain poiTemns iiw
menfam ininfulaipragendutuibamaniari quam
orleucis aut drdter diltate vidimus .Cuius rei gra
l{catinopaiuexndmus.Igicpaiads pauiculis nfis
vtincandeinfulavadercmuslinncquadlinquag
Ibnjcomplures ctant ex alto man v<nire vidimus
;ppter quodtiiccoueniinus vteisimiaCs^s co>
prjhenderemus . Et cue in illos nauigaretagyniai
(oeeuadetepoflcnOdrcudare occepimus/quibus
Giaquocp vice nitenabus vidimus iUos(ann(em«
perata manetc)reniis fuis oibus furfum eredis qua
u firmos ac refiftentes fe fignificare velle/qua ri Cc
iddrco flios efficere piitauimui vt inde n6s in adm<
lationem couerteret. Cu ^o flbi nos cominus apj>
pinqrerognouiflentremis fuis i aqua couerfis tec
ri j^lus remigare Icepef. Attn nobifcu catbafii vnj
xlv.doliom votatu celetrimu educebamus/qu{ tu(
uU nauigio delata eft vt fubito ventu fu^ eos obii
IKletjCumcpiiruendi in illos adueniflet comodi<
las ipG fefe apparaturp Ciu inphalHo fuo ordinate
lpai;getes/requo^ad nauigandu acdnxcft. Ita^
CU cospr(tcTi)(Icmus/ipi(ugcrcconati(ut.Atnos

d iiii

NAVIGATIO

iisiliscunccxpedttisphafclis/validis viris ftipa
llos tunc coprehendcrc pucantcs mox in cos in
imus contra qs bis geminis fere hoiis / nobis
ntibus/nifi carbalusnollraqu^curru eospr;^
erat rurfum fuper cos rcucrfa fuiflct/illos pem>
amittebamus.Cumveroipdfc eifdem noOris
ifelis carbafocp vndiqj conftricTtos efle peripice
c oms cj circit.xx.crai & a terra duabus ferelcU
Jiftabat/in mare faltu ^filierunt .Quos nos ca
ifelis noftris tota^fcqucntcsdie/nullos ex cis
tantumodo duos prjhcdercpotuimus aIijsoi«
i in terram faluis abcuncibus.ln lintre autc eoru
Lmdeferucrantbisgeminiiuuenesextabantno
lorum gente geniti fed quos in icUutc alienani

SECVNDA

inus du(ftis nobiTcum duobus Ulis ^os in Imtre ^
nobis inuafacoprehenderamus. Qua primu aute'
tenram ipfam pcde contigimus oms trepidi Sc fe^
ipfos abdituri in vicinas nemorii latebras difl[iige#
nint • Turn vero vno ex illis qaos prf hendera^
mus abire permiflb dC plurimis illi amiddg (ignis
necno nolis cymbalis /ac(peculisplcrir(^ datis/di
scimus ci ne ^pter nos c^teri qui aufugetant expa«
ue(cerent/qin eora amicos efle plurimum cupid>x
mus/quiabiens iuffanofha foleftcrmipleuitgeni
tcilla tota.cccc .videlicet fere viiis/cum hmdnis
multis a (iluis fecu ad nos edu(flis» Qui inermes ad
aos vbi cum nauiculis nofHis eramus omnes vene
fant/& dx quibus tuic amiddam bona firmauimus
reftituto quoq^ as aUo qucm captiuu tenebamus
& pariter eorum lintrem quam inuaferamus p na^
iiiu noftrarii fodos apud quos erat eis reih'tui man
dauimus*Porro bgceomlinterqu^ ex folo atboris
trunco cauata dC muttu (ubtih'cer effecfhi (uerat/16^
ga.xxvipafribus et fata duobus braclii}s cratHac
cu a nobis recuperaffent Sc tuto i loco ftuminis re
poiuident oins a nobis repente (ugerunt nee nob j
icum amplius conueHari voIuenintQuo tarn bar
baro fadlo comperto illos mala? fidei mali^cp con«
dtdonis exiftere coguouimus. Apud eos aui^ diita
satpauculu quod ex auribus geftabant vidimus.^

hz^ plaga ilU rdi^a dc kcandvaa cam^ nauigatis/

LXXVII

^^KSrflH

NAVIGATIO

it.a'ititcrleuds ftattdnequ.-mdS nam'ralis totf
mmus/jn quam introeuies tantas inibi coperi>
! gctes vtidmirabilr forrt.Cu gbus fafta ami
1 iuimus ddnde m as ad plures eoR! pagos vbi
ufccuremftucphonefVcabds fufc^pti (iii'mut
lb CIS iterim.ccccc.vnion«s vn ica nola cnu'mus
1 auto modico quod eis ex gratia coculimus. In
terra vinu ex fruc^bus femctibufcp exprefTum
iccram ccruifiamue albam et rubcnte bibuf /me
aut ex myrrc pomisyaldc bonis cofeAu crat
|uibuscumuIascpbonis alijs fru(fVibus gudui
dis & corpori fahibribus habudancer comedi^
!/^pterea q> tepeftiue illuc aduenetamus .H{C
z infulaeoR: rebus fuppellccVihue cpmulcu ha#

SECVNDA

gnouunut ^ut et maiedas vra poiUi^c ampliiisiii
idllgefe poterit.ReIi<flo aut pomi illo 8c fecundu
plaga eande in qua cotiiitie genies afilucre ^{pide
bamus ctniu no Aro ^u<f^o poitii <]0endl aliu ie«
iidedf vnius naukalf noilrg gra/in quo gete ihu U
tS efle coperimus /cu quibus nee vi net amidda co
uerfatione obtinere valuimus/fllis fi qn^ in tcrrS
cu nauiculis noftm deicenderemus (e cocraaiperc
defendentibns/& (i qnctt nos fuflinere no valerec
in {iluas aufjgientibus/& nos ncquac^ expe<fhu)ti
lni8/quoi)2 tanta barbaric nos cognokenres ab e^
cxhinc diiceflimus.T'unccp inter nauigandu infuli
qoanda in man leuds a terra.xv. diftante vidimus
<ptam n in ea populus quifpia eflet inuifere cocor^
^bn]imus.In fllam i^t aecderantes quanda inibi in/
oenimus gencem/qu^ oim beftialifluna (implidfli^
mai^/omtiiuquocp gratioHfluna benigni(nmac||
crat/euiufquide gentis ritus et mores dufmodiluCft
X)< dufdem gentis ritu & moribus»

U WLTV AC GESTV CORPO

ll lis brutales admodum extant/ Onguli^
maxillas heiba quada viridi ittordim re«
pt ftSB habebat/qua pecudum indar vfcp rumina^
banc/ttavt vixquic^ eloquipoflenr/quoruquo^
tp finguli ex coUo pufillas uccatafcp cucuibitas du
as/alteram earum hetba ipfaquam in oreienebar/
tLixaamveso cxi^Os faxinaquadam albidagipfo

LXXIX

NAVIGATIO

no linuti pl;nam gertbant/habi to bacfllo quo
qucinorefuomadefaftiimafticatumm fgii*
cucurbitam farrina replni mitt«bant/&: drin
im eo de f adcin farrina cxtrahebat/ quam fibi
hjc morevtramqjponcbant/hcrbam ipfam
in ore gcftabani eade farrina refpcrgitado/ SC
freque.itidime paulatimcp cf£ciebat/'qua rem
admiran/illius caufam fccretucp/aut cur ua fa#
t faiis ncqiuiiinus coprfhcdcrc Hcccinc gens
•xpcrimenco djdicimus)ad nos adeo familiarly
duenit/acfi nobifcu Tepius antca ncgodati fii*
t&long^uaamidciahabuitTcnt. Nobis aurc
>Iagam ipfam ca eis ambulantibus colloquen^
u^ Sc interim necentem aquam bibere dclide<

SECVNDA

phra ip toru loca drfincbantHecdnc gens vifiiK
alibus qu^in terra foUda funt |>«iitiu carent quin»
ymmo ex pifdhus quos in man pifcantur viuunt.
Etcnim apud eos qui magni pifcatares exiihint pi
rdum.ingens habundat copia/ex quibus ipfi pluri
mos tunures ac ^bonos pifees aUos plures/vltro
nobis obtulerunr.Eorumvxoresliexbaquain ore
viri ipfi gcrebaiit nuf^ vtebantur.Verum (ingul9
cucuibitam vnam aqua impletam ex qua biberent
habebanc.Nullos domorum pagos nulla ve tugu
Tia gens hgc habent prgcercp folia grandia quedam
iub quibus a Iblis feniore fed no ab ymbtibus fe^
cegunt/propterquodaucumabite eftq> parum in
eeira ilia pluitet. Cum aute ad pifcandu mare adie^
tint folium vnuadeo grandefecumquifcp pifcatu
lusef&rt vt illo interramdefixo&adiolismea;
turn verfato fub illius vmbra adu erfus {llu tocum
(e abfco dat.Haccinc in infula qjmulta varioTU ge^
ncrumanimaliafunt qu; omnia aquam'lutulentl
bibut , Videntes aut q> in ea comodi nihil nandfc e
tcmur/nos reli Aa ilia alia quamda infula tenuimus
in quam nos ingredientcs & rcccntem vnde bibe«
(emus aquainueftigantes/putantcs inttlimipfam
tandem terra a nuUis efle habitatam/proptcrca q>
ineanemineinteraduenicodum.pfpexeramus/dii
per arena deambularemusveftigia pedum atmt
gna nonuUa vidimus/ex quibus cefuimus q> )i cif<

1

NAVIGATIO
1 pedibus rcliqua membra rcfpon^ebant/lio*
icsin eadem terra grandiirimi habitahanc.No*
aut ita per arcnam dcambulantibiis/via vnam
nram diicente coperimus fcnindum quam.ix.
lobis elites infulam ipfam iiiuiferc parauimus
dc^nonc^rpadofam illamncc^multasin c<
itaregentcscxiilimaiumus.PcrerrataigtturR;
du camdem viam vna fere leuca quincp in con
eqiiadam(qu£popiiIatgapparebant) vidimus
s/in quas introcuntcs quincp in illis repenmus
icrcs/vetulas vidcli cct duas & iuuenculas tres
quidein oms fie ftatura ,pccres erac vt indc val
niraremur.Hgautproa'nusvtnosintuicg funt
3 ftupefrdg permanferut yt aufiigiendi animo

SECVNDA

&aBei!l>Iiuniustut1>atioevtiatiiuapidiuaid»
las nfas 2^ cu tali gentt clle duxiflanus. Hrj SCtm
irtgcntcsarcus & fagittas neenon & fiidet i;dca&
uc magnas inftai'clanaru fcrebant/quiiogRiQlo;
qaebanturquo<:pintcrremutuoacunos tompK
hendere veUecQiuo tali pcricido pcrc^to diueflii
ctiiiternos tuc fjcimus cofiUa. Vnis vtillos i ipla
«adecafainuadcremus/a]i)S]^ nequa^ fed foris
potim & iplatea/& altjs vtnufcp adu^Hlis eospu
gnamqn^reremusdonecquidagercvdlct'itelligf
icmui alleuerantibus.lntcr quf cofilia caliun ilia fi
mulatr exiuimus & ad naucs nrasmncaTe occg>i
mus ipficpc^tus elllapidis iadus)mutuo ig loque
ta nos infecuti funt/haud minore^ nos vt autiii>
mo trepidances formidinc/cu nobis mirantibus ipi
4]aocpcmiiiusmanCT<cnt/&niG nobis ambuIanaV
OUS no ambularent.Cu j^o ad naucs nollras pati*
gillemuS &in illas ex ordineitroiremus/mox ocs
in mate prolilierunt/& ^multas pqft nos Cigittas
fuas iaculati fun t/fed tuc eos gpaucn me tucbamus
Namtummadunamnraruduasineoscpotius vt
terreiff cp vt itdiret)emifimus/quaiuquide tumul
tu pc;pto/oes cofeftim in mote vnu^piquu lliga
abiert/etitaabeisereptifuimus difrefGnlufip pit
Hi) oes nudl vt de poiibus hitu e eunt, Appellaui«
muTcp Jfiili iHa/gigatii(ob^ccritateeois)ifula.No
bis atvlfius ct a f ra paulo diftatiuf (rafremigatibut

NAVIGATTO

lis intcrdum cu m eis pugnaHe nobis acddit ob
. quic^ a tcBuri: {i; a fibi toUi ncquaqua permit
vellEnt.Et vticp quide repcc undg CaftiUif j)*
cura iani nobis in mentem (ubierat/ob id potif
im (J vno iam fere anno inVnari perftitcramus
nifi tenucm SlintcntoriJ neceffariorucp alioiii
riitione retincbamus . Q_uj & quide adhuc ex
lementibus/quos pcmilcramus foUs calonbiM
otaminata inquinatawerac/cu ab exitu noftro
ampiuiridisinliilis v(qjtunccotinuepcrtoni#
n nauigauifTcmus zonam/& traniuerum per U
m 5quinofliaIembis/vt prjhabiEueft.ln qua
Jem voluntate nobis perfeuerantibus/nos a la

SECVNDA

ijaiSC quidemaftreoIasihquibiiB narciinc nohls
plufes largiti (antJBt paritef nonnuilas mercad fui
tnus/vbi in quibufdam ^C.SC xxx;vniones in quu
bufdam vcro no taddem reperiebanb Noueitkc^
maieftas veHra/qi nifi permatuii Qnt 8c aconchi^
Iqs in quibus gignuncper fcfe exddant omoine.^
fedli n5 Cunt. Q^uinymmo in breuic vtCaspiM ipfe
expertus rum)emarcercut/& i nihil reda<fti futCu
vero maruri fuerint in oftrea ipla inter carnes( prg
ter id q> ipfis carnibus h^eanOfe feparant/ 6c hu^
iufcemodi optimi CuuERuxis tgit.xlvi).dicbu8 nee
non gente ilia quam nobis plurimu arnica efffcera
mus relicHra hinc ab eis exceilimus ob pluhmarum
rerum noilrarii indigentiam/venimuG:]^ ad Anti^
g(if infulam quai paucis nuper ab annis Ctiflopho
rus Coiumbus diTcoopeniic in qua reculas noflras
ac nauaiia reficiendo menlibus duobus Sc diebus
totide pcrmanfimus/plures in terdum ChriHicola^
rum inibi conuerfantiii contumelias perpetiendo
quasprolixus ne nimiu fiam hie omicco.Eande )^o
in(uIanLxxtj.luli) deferences /percurfa vnius men^
fis aim medio nauigaaone Caliciu tandem portu
vicf.men(is Septenmiis &biiiimus /vbi cumhono
re^Fe^cjp fufcf pti fiiimus^Ec ficpet dei placinmi
finemnoma c^it fecundanauigatiD*

De tertio facfb nauigatione

LXXXV

NAVIGATIO

EIN SIBILLIAIEXISTENTE/ ET
n a pccnis Atcp laboribus quos Iter pmemo

ratas pcrtulera nauigationes paulifperre
cfccntc/dcfidcrateCppofthfcin pcrlaru terrara
icarc:fortuna fetigationu mcamnequa^ adhuc
ira fcrcnifRmo illi dno Manueli Pomigallij Re
tufitincorcncfoo vtquid) vtdeftinato nurido
rras^Tcoales fuas ad mc trafnuttcret qiubus plurf
urogabat vt adeuapudLifbona celerius me
lifcrrc/ipe etem mirabilia mihi plim'ma facerct;
jer qua re nondu tunc delibcraui quinymmo ci
eundcmmctnunciu/ me minus bene difisoGcti
uncmale habere figmficauLVcrufi quando^

TERTIA

tumeo not! paruam vifus e(l cottCfptflle[[tcirtidfam
plurimiimetnterdumrogitans/vtvnftcum ttibidi
du8 cofeniantig nauibus/ qug ad exeundtun 8C ad
nouaruterraruminquifidone prfparatf etanc pm
k&Cd vellem* Et ica( qiu'a regum preces pr$ccpta
fttuOad dm vonim confenlL

Tempus profe^onis terdg
IQTVR AB HOC LISBONE PORTV

cum thbus con(eruanti§ fiau3>us die Maij ded*
iiia.M.cccc&& primo abeuntes /curium noftninp
verfus magng Canari^ififutasarripuimus: fecund
diiquas & ad earu profpet^u mdancer enauigates
idem nauigiu noflru coHateraltter fecundu AffiiV
cam occidente T^Cus fecuti fuimus * Vbi pifciii quo^
TundamcquosParghi nuncupant)multitudin€ ma
ximam in (quorepfendidimus/tflbusinibi diebus
mofam facientes . Exinde autem ad partem illam
Ethopi$/qu9 Befilicca dici^ deuenimus/ qu$ quide
iubtorrida 2oiiapc(itae(l/& (liper quam»xiii}ir
gradibus fe Septemtrionak's erigit polus in dimaf
ce pnmo vbi diebus.xi.nobis de lignis & aqua pto
Uifioneparantesreftitimus/^pccridq^ AuftriJi if"
(us p Athianticu pelagus nauigandi mihi ineflet af
UwisAuip portu Etiuopi^ illu pod h^c rclinquen

e XI

LXXXVII

lent Ijpp^ ventoru nimb
rima nobis intulere' gra
nofbru line^ prgfcrtim e^
(iiiclnibic^ in menfe iur
{iihus equates funt/atq
verflis tnciidiem erant^'
IJ placuic noua vnam ik
fcilicct AugufbViuxca q<
cum media>r€(Vicimus/<
nonuUts id ipfa vifuri fi i
musrquam 8c quideine
pcrimus qui be(li|s pra
maicftas regia vcftra pc
introitus noftriprindpi
afiqua/^uisoram ipfan
dimus)popuio mukot
De qua<]uid€ orapro4{
gepoITeflrohii c^pimus
amoen^ac vcridc cflc 2
t€ extralineam^quuioi!

TERTIA

tidMintir/concordauifmisitentm tcrrS altemdi^
reuerti vt nobis de neceOahjs ^uidcremus: inqua
qufdem nobis extantibus/v idimus fiantes in vraV
us moiitis cacumine gentes qug dcorrumdcfccile^
te non audercnt/ crantc]^ nudi omnes netno confi
milis efTigid colonTcp vt de fu^ionbus habitu cfti
Nobis aut fatagentibus vt nobifcii conuerfatu ao
cederet/ no ficlccuros cos cfficere valuimus vtdc
nobis adhuc n5 diffiderent^Quorii obRinatioe^
teruiac^ cognica/ad naues Tub nocflc remcauimu^
rdi(flis in tcrrac vidcntibus illis)noIis fp^cviiCcp no
nuUis ac rebus alfjs« CiiC]^ nos in man eminus efle
profpicerct/oins de ip(b ni6te(^pter reculas quas
cchqucrdmus)dercenderunt plurima inter (e adml
rationis figna facicntes.Nec tunc de aliquo nifi de
aqua nobis ^uidimus. Craft ino ante eflkcflo mane
vidimus e nauibus gcntem eandem numero ^ an
tea maiof e paflim per terram ignes (umofq^ fade^
*em» Vnde nos exiftimanteis cp nos per hoc ad fe in
uitarcnttutmus ad cos in tcrram/vbi tuncpopulii
plurimii aduenifle cofpeximus:qui tamen a nobis
longe feipibs tenebant/figiia facicntes interim no
nulla vt cum dsinterius in infulii vaderemus. Pro
pterquodfadueftvtex Chrifticolis nris duo^^^
I jnus ad hocparati periculo ad tales eundi femet^
ipfos exponerent/ vt quales gentes eedem forcnt/
autfiquas diuitias (pectefuearomaticas vilas habe

C II)

LXXXIX

NAVIGATIO

r/ipfi cognofcercnttquapropter in tantu naufil
:ofem rogitauctunt/vt ei's quod poftulabat an
ret.Tum veto iUi ad hoc feie acdngetes necno
aft^ de rebus fuis ininutis fecii fumetites/ vl in
gcnnbus cifdem mcrcarcnt alias/abicriit a no*
dataconditionevtadnos poftquinq; dies ad
imu rcmeare foliciti eflct / nos etcntm illos tarn
expedlaremus. Et ita tuc iter fuum in terra arri
runt/atcpnosadnauesnoftras regreflrum cc*
lus vbi expe<5tando cos diebus . vti) . perftm f
i.In quibus diebus gens per miilta noua dictim
ad plaga ipfam aduenicbat / fed nuf^ nobifcu
oquivolucrutSeptimaigicaduentiitc die nos
nram ipam itcru tendentcs /gente ill am mulic»

TERTIA

pads vi>i iuuenis ipfe erat apptopiauit/tali eu vd
U {lii ichi a tergo percuflit vt Tubico meituus in toe
cam exddetetique confeftim mojicres a]i{ corripiV
tntesiSiu in montl a pedibus ^traxerut/viric^ tpS
qui in nionte crSt ad littus cum arcubus & fagitds
•duenictes isc faunas iuas i nos cotjcietes tal^ctS
noftrii afijcerut miporecob id <f nauicuI^iDj i qui
buseditharcnS.nauigandoradebat/neccclcrifaa
fugne tunc poteranOvt (iimendoru arnionnn fuo
Turn memoiiam nemo tunc habem. Et ita ^plu«
rescotranosfagittasluas ciacuIabantur.Tumve
tio in cos quatuor macbinanun noifa-ammiulmina
licet hcminem attingetia emiOmus / quo audito to
nittdo omnes lurlum in monte (ugetunt /vbi mu«
tieresipffctat/qufiuuenenoffarum quemtrudda«
uerant(nobis videntibu$)in 6ulbt lecabant/nccnS
ituftaipfa nobis oflentantes /ad ingentem quern
(ucopiderantl ignem torrcbaut/& deinde ponbae
in^nducabut. viriquocp ipfifigna nobis fimilitel:
£K)ciites / geminos Chrimcolas noilros alios (e
paiifininiterpcTeinifle manducaflecpinCmiabant
quibus qui& vticp veraloquebantur/inhociplb
<r<didimus,Cuius nos improperij vehementius pi

guit/cuminmanitatcmquaminmoituum exerce*
ant/oc|iIis intueremuripfiprpprijs . Quamob«
temphires^quadraginta de nobis in anirao fta«
biliuctamui vtomcsparitertciramipfam impeta

impunitis illis abcclf imu
rchqufmus/mox iter Lei
(fccudu quos fe corinet t
plurimos ambitus plurir
<l%ances /quibus duratibi
fiobifcu praAicare aut a(
hierintjii tantu ^o naui
Douac qu§ fecundu Leb<
rimus.ln qua cu campu i
<fti Vincenti) campo nor
Lebecciu ventu poftihfc
ftatcjp idem fandti Vina
tUa vbi Crifticolg tioflTi
ds ad partem Leua tis; Q
gradil>us extra linream <
Itrum eftrCumigitita V
copiofam gentiu multin
ftrarum vailitatc miran
feeximustapod quos tu
oC deinde itiierram iplu

TERTIA
dfa iHis diu cUbomiimiu/anucos ttme nolfaot CQf
tandem cd^cunuscum quibiisnegodandopnfii'
cando(|i varie.v.inaiifiinus dkbus vbi cauas fiftiM
las virides plunmu groflas/& ctiam nSnuUas mar
borucacuiniiubusuccas inuaiimiu.Conconlaui>
mua aut vt ex eadem gcnte duos qui nos com Ua*
guam edoccrent inde tnductranus.C2,uainobRm
aa ex CIS vt in P ortugallia venirent nos vitro co
mitati lunt.Et qin me omniaprorequi ac dcfaibo
re p^et/dignetur veftra noflc maieftas ^ nos per
lum lUum Unquentes/per Lebecciu ventu/& in vb
III tcn| femper tranfcurrimus plurcs continue (acj*
cndo fcalasplurcTi^ambinis/acintcnlucuniuhif
populis loquendordonec tandem veifus Auftram
extra Capicorhi tropicii (tiimus .Vbi (u( hOiizon
tailliininidlonalis pohis,xxxii.fefeextoIlcbat gn
dibus/an^ minorcm iam perdideramus viiam/ipa
tf maior vrTa multu infima vidciiat fere in fine Ho
Cizontis fe oAentans :& tiic per ftellas altenus mc
lidionaiis peli nofmetipros dirigebamus /qu j mul
to plurcs mTtoip niaiorcs ac luddiores ^ noftnpo
li ItcUf cxiftut .-propter quod plurimani jllaiii ^H
ns confinxi /& prjfertim earu qu; piioris ac qjaiq
(if magnitudinis crani/vna cu dcdinationc dianic
tioru quas circa polumAuftri effidunt/QC vnacS
dcnotadone earudemdiameacfuSC t(Diic&anic#
notu canun piDutinmcis quatuordicns Guciuwi

fnagni comodi res inueni
fif aiboribus:ct pariter p
tasproducunt/cii quibui
ta vidimus que faftidiofa

^piacDgnito ^ mincralia
uenimus vna vt ab inde I
caremor.Q^uo inito iter
fuit ac in omnem c^u no
VI tali nauigatione pr^cif
ftegriter ficreLproptcr q
Vicp vhic^ vt de lignis &
nirione omnes fibi parar^
^ftros nos^cum nauibus
nauigare poflc indicatu <
xcraiti)fiiAa protddone/
inde nauigauone noftrai
antes Fdbruaii) ,Tdr\* vii

iasn hnor€%nintiu»ret et a

TBRTIA

fiibftmatuihuenainius Jta Tt neemioofii vtfftKC
maioiis (ldlaeafnmodotn(pidvalefcnt.Namtuc
aportuilIoa<|uo pcrS«x>cciim abicfaaiiis xcocc
Icucis longeiam faaicramu8.it). viddlcct ApriUt*'
Qua die tempedas acpfocdlain mari tarn vdi€#
mens exotta eft/vt vela nofha ommacoU^cfe SC
cum folo nudo£p malo remigare copdieremur pet
flante vehementi(fime Lebecdo ac mari intume#
fcere & aere tutbulentiflimo extante.Propter qoc
tuibinis violenriflimu impetum noHrates omnes
non modico a({e<fli (iierunc (hipore. No<f^ quo#
€p tunc inibi cpmaxime erancEcem Aprilis. vi).(b«
k drca arietis finem extante ipHe e^dem no Aes ho
tarum.xv.efle repett^ (untihyems <p edX vac in£bi
erat vc veflra fads perpcdere poteft maieftas. No
bis autem Tub hac nauioaubus tutbulentia/cerram
vnam Aprilis.i). vidimus penes quam. xx. cirdtcr
leucas nauigantes appropiauimus. VeraiUamom
tiimodo brutalem Qc extraneam eCTe comperinius
in quaquidem nee pottu quempiam necgentet alf
quas fore c5(peximus:ob id (vt aibitror)^ ca a(pe
rum in ea frigus algerec vt tam acetbum vix quiiV
quapeipeti poiTecPorro in tanto periculoin tafi«
tacp tempedads importunitate nofmet turn repeti
jnus/vc vix alceri alceros pr; grandi turbine nos vi
dcrcmus.Q^uamobrem demum cum nauium prf«
toreparicercoticordauimus vt comiauitis noflris

xcv

lequentf tempeilas in m;

obrui perdite metuerem

pcregiinacionu vota nc<

nlascpit^uc nautis mos eJ

^o tempeftatis iforttiiii

detniflis omnfno vclisJr

oc»e&Lin man penetrauir

iquinodialj necno mart <

perappropinquando/pc

pere pcriollis altidimo d

moditiodra hatri^tio at

cr{cu/ob id q> ad Ethtop

Damusta quo ^ maris At

Coc*di(labamu$ Ieuds» A

ri^ gratiam Mai) b^squin

plaga voa ad iatus AuHr

xv« diebusi nofipfos rt(ri

hft curdim nodrum vcrf

anipuimus/qu^ide ihf

Bc*l kuds d!<niaba(ir/ad

OVARTA

bonfRoftr^recutTumnosatemximns/aquaadoe
Ctdends pancm.ccc.reponri leucts eramus/ct cuiui
tandem deinde portum.M.D.ii.ci2 profpera falua^
tione ex cundlipocends nutu nirfum fubiuimus/ca
duabus dumtaxat nauibus:ob id (f ttrriain Satae
lionacqm ampltus nauigareno pofleOigni com*
bufleramus.In hac aute nollra terdo cuiia nauigsr
tione.xvi.dra'ccrmenrespemiafimus/cquibus.xb'
abrcptranfmdncanf flell^necnon & ^aioris vrCf
minorifiie afpeAu nauigauimus/quo tempore nof
medpfos per ab'am meiidionalis poli flellam rege*
bamus.Quj fuperius commemoraa fum/inea*
ckm noftra terdo faAanauigadone rclatu mag>
d^aconTpexi.

Oe quart; nauigatiom's carSi

ELIQ.WM AVTEM EST / VT
r qu9 ill tenia nauigatioiie noflra profpc*'

xerim.edi(Iera.Q,uia ^oiapr^Iohganar
(atione&tifco/etquocphfc eadem noilranauiga
do ad fperatum a nobis fine miru'me produifla en/
obaduerGtatem infonuniuue quoddam quod tit
maris Athlantid nobis acddit Tinuridcirco breuior
fiam-lgicurexLifbon^portu cumfcx coferuantiE
pauibus exiuimus cii propoGto infulam vnam vcl
£u boiizootem pofitaminuiTendi /qu£ Melcha di

fiij

^Si

▼ ¥

«|ui atj uiiciKcin occiden

prout dc hoc ipfo per Cj

quidem infula Mdcha pi

^o ipfa plus ad mcridjem

gnouimus quia ipfa in afj

antar<!tid fita cft.Dccima

nobis vnde fupra egrcdie

infulas virides nuncupat.

fettifn necedariaru munin

uerfbrumodoru rcfrigcra

Cerdum inibi dicbus ccflTar

poft h<fc cuani^arc occf pi

ftcrtamcp pr^rumptuofus

fitatem 5f omniu noftrum

vt fcfenoftri & fex nauiii i

fit vtin Scrraliona Auftra

deremus. Ad qua nobis ac

dem in cofpciflu habcntibi

ba fuboita tcmpef^as eft/a

fottuna aducrfa inualuir/vi

Q.VARTA

mur.Q.U!unqt]idem nos per SuducfiunK <pd vtB»
tus ell inter fneridiem et Lebecou > rcaflumoitcs
rccperillam maris arritudine nauigauimus kucas
Vnde faSu eft vt nobis extra lineanifquino^liw
lem nibus pene gradibus iam tunc exiftcnabus ta
n quedamca qua.xii.difl:abainus leaas) apparae*
rit/qu( apparitio no parua nos afF;dt admiratione
Terra eteniilla/infula in medio maiimuhu ahafiC
admirabilis erat/qu{ leucis duabus longior & vna
dilacatior no exiftebat : in quaquidem terra nuqui
quifcp hominu aut fuerat aut babitauerat; &nihi!o
minus nobis infoclieiflimafuit.In illaciri p AolidS
confiliu fuum & regimen prjfe^his nauium nofter
nauem fua perdidit. Nempe iUa a feopulo quodam
«hra/&inde^pterhoeinrimas diuifafan^ti Laii«
rctnnoAe(qu^ Aiigu(^i.x.efl3inmari penitusflib
merfa extitity nihil inde faluo manente demptis tan
tumodo nautis.Erarc^ nauis eadem dolioru.ccc.iii
^anoflrgtotiustuili; totalis potentiaerat. Cum
aut omnes circa illam fatagerrmus vt (i forte ipam
3L periculo (ubtrahere valeremus:dedit mihi in man
liatis idem nauium pr;fe<fhis/vt cu uauioila vna in
Kceptu quempia mbonuvbipupes noftras fecure
omnes redpere polTemus apud inlulam eande in^
venrii pergerc /nolens tamen iple idem prffcflus
vt nauem raeacqu^ uouem nautis mcis llipata*/ 8C
in nauis pericUtantis adiutorio intetaforct)mecfi

f iiii

mum inhi poica/vbi dafl

tis fufdpcrepoflcmus inv

Ibidem diebus eunde nai

luAa ttcpedUdo perftiUi

lefte no perum pettuli7at(;

Itupefcebant vt nuUo con

bis autin hac esdftentibus

pupptm vna per jquor adi

vt nos perc^ere pofTent n

iidentes CpenteCcpvm que

Jpfam nos (ecu duceret. Q i

lemu8/&: vidflim nos «ra

nobis/ciufde prgfeA' nn na

ptis nauds^dita extitiffir: <

^potr^inaieftas)me
ftia/cii liUlbonacad qua rei
cxiftens lends in longo rem
«»wn»Nihflominus tamen 1
cnies vltertus ^jceffimus/re
sd memorarSf nfitls <4»' ..^i

OyARTA

fiiamlniBafcatariente/cum Infinitb aiboribuiM
nuinaif<|ivolucribiuinaTlnis &tciRflnbus/qu(
adeo lunplic^ cnuit vt fjefe numu comprchcndi
intrepide penmncTcnt.Pn>pt« quod tot nicprdi
didiinusvtiualciiliviuunexillis adimptcuctmut
Incaant«nii]balialnucniniasaiumaliapter3 nm
tcs2^niaximo9/ctlaccttasbifiunmcaudaini»be
tcs com nontillis Cnpoit&tts quos etiani in ea vidi
inus.Igiturparata nobis inibiproliifione fubvcn*
to inter mmdiem & Ltfaccdu ducete potadmus
obid q> a ivge mandatu acc^rramu s/vt qttalicun
<^ non obftante periculo prjcedcntis nauigadonis
viam in fequcmnur. InccptO ci^ fairiufconodi na
li^io pomun tandnn vnuminuenimus que. om«
nium fanAoiu Abbadam nucupauimus/ad qucm
(profpnam annnente nobirauram altifGnioMnfn
xvi).p<itigimus di<s.DiftatJ^idan pditiaiocc.a p
ba infula leuds/in quoquide portu nee pr^fedhim
liollni nee quemqua de tmba alium repnimus/SC
fi tame in illo menfibus duobus & dicbus quatuor
expeSauerimos / quibus rfluxis vifo qiilluc nemo
veniRtconfetuantia nofba tunc & ego coeordaui
mus/vtfeciidu latus longitu ptogfeoeremur. Per
cuifisitacp.cclx.leucispoituicuidamaiii applicui
musin quo calidlum vnu erfgere prupoitinnusf

Sod&quide^re(flof{dmusrdi(%sinlllo.xxiiti>
itiibcolisnobiTcuintxiilentibiB/qutexptf&fii

mus.Quibus (lipcriorib

uimus poft hf cin Portu^

pergrgcu tranTmoncanu

<«it cfRccrc^ReliAis igiti

fiJcolis.xxutj.ec cum illis.

bus annis vna cu prouiCu

ndente/nccno pacaca nol

te(dequa hicminimafiti

hi cue viderimus/et cum i

acLfere leucas cum.xxx.cx

fictrauimus. Vbi inrcrdu

€fa% nunc fubticdcens Iibc

Mcruo.Eftcjp cadcm terr;

Icm ad partem Auftiixvi

Donf mcndianu ad ocdde

inftrumencanoflra morifl

nem noftraperNomordc

cranimontanuqr vcntus cl

ad hanc Lifbon^ citiitatci)

dem poft multos laborcs r

Q.VARTA

«einulcu Sc vlcra^fit crtdibile ftfHof CuCcfpiifii*
lnus:6b id gi ipfa ton ciuitas nos in man dijpnidv
tos cflc cxiltimabat/qiKadmodu rcliqui omnes de
fuiba no Ara p pkAi nri nauiu ihiiti pr{iumpcio«
nccxdtrrat.Quo fuperbia mode iulhis omniu cc
ibr dcus copenfac . Et ica iiiic apud Lifl)oni ipliun
fubtido igiiorans quid dc mc ierentfTinius ipie rex
dcincrps cfficcrc cogitet/q a lantis laboiibus mm
iam exnunr requiefcere plurimu p<raptarcm/ hue
nunciu maieftaci vcRrf plurimu quoip intcrdu c5
mendans. Ameriou Vdp"''''^ *" I-idjoiUc

<

Fi'mtu.vi).krMai|
Anno fuprafefqui
nuUe{ununi.vij.

Is

I-

INTRODUCTION
TO COSMOGRAPHY

With Certain Necessary Principles
OF Geometry and Astronomy

TO which are added

THE FOUR VOYAGES OF
AMERIGO VESPUCCI

A Representation of the Entire World, both in
THE Solid and Projected on the Plane,
IncliUding also lands which were Un-
known TO Ptolemy, and have been
Recently Discovered

distich

Since God rules the stars and Caesar the earth.
Nor earth nor stars have aught greater than these.

31

^^EBHH

) MAXIMILIAN C^SAR AUGUSTUS

HJLESIUS, NATIVE OF THE VOSGES

ce thy Majesty is sacred throughout the vast world,

.ximilian Csesar, in the farthest lands,

lere the sun raises its golden head from the eastern

waves
d seeks the straits known by Hercules' name,
lere the midday glows under its burning rays,
lere the Great Bear freezes the surface of the sea;

PREFACE

TO HIS MAJESTY
MAXIMILIAN CiESAR AUGUSTUS

MARTINUS ILACOMILUS WISHES
GOOD FORTUNE

If it is not only pleasant but also profitable
in life to visit many lands and to see the most
distant races {a fact that is made clear in Plato,
Apollonius of Tyana, and many other philos-
ophers, who went to the most remote regions
for the purpose of exploration), who, I ask,
most invincible Maximilian Ciesar, will deny
that it is pleasant and profitable to learn from
books the location of lands and cities and of
foreign peoples.

Which Phcebus sees when he buries his rays be-
neath the waves,
Which he sees as he comes from the ferthest east.
Which the cold northern stars distress,
Which the south wind parches with its torrid heat.
Baking again the burning sands?

(Boethius.)

Who, I repeat, will deny that it is pleasant and
profitable to learn from books the manners and

33

^^^U^H

Preface

stoms of all these peoples? Surely — to express
J own opinion— just as it is worthy of praise

travel far, so it can not be foolish for one
lo knows the world, even from maps alone,

repeat again and again that passage of the
lyssey which Homer, the most learned of
ets, wrote about Ulysses:

Tell me, O Muse, of the man who after the
capture of Troy

Saw the customs and the cities of many men.

Therefore, studying, to the best of my ability
i with the aid of several persons, the books
Ptolemy from a Greek copy, and adding

ORDER OF TREATMENT

Since no one can obtain a thorough knowl-
edge of Cosmography without some previous
understanding of astronomy, nor even of astron-
omy itself without the principles of geometry,
we shall in this brief outline say a few words :

( 1 ) Of the elements of geometry that will be
helpful to a better understanding of the material
sphere ;

( 2) Of the meaning of sphere^ axis, poles^ etc. ;
{3) Of the circles of the heavens;

(4) Of a certain theory, which we shall pro-
pose, of the sphere itself according to the system
of degrees ;

(5) Of the five celestial zones, and the appli-
cation of these and of the degrees of the heavens
to the earth ;

(6) Of parallels;

(7) Of the climates' of the earth;

(8) Of winds, with a general diagram of
these and other things ;

(9) Of the divisions of the earth, of the

various seas, of islands, and of the distances of

' The won] dimatt u here uied in iu Mcknt (ente of t zone of
the e«nh'i nir&ce comprued between two (pedfied pualleb of latitude.

35

^H

IHCUHH

1

Order of Treatment

ces from one another. There will be added
) a quadrant useful to the cosmographcr.
!^astly, we shall add the four voyages of
lerigo Vespucci. Thus we shall describe the
mography, both in the solid and projected
the plane.

CHAPTER I

Of the Principles of Geometry Necessary
TO AN Understanding of the Sphere

Since in the following pages frequent men-
tion will be made of the circle, the circum-
ference, the center, the diameter, and other
similar terms, we ought first of all briefly to
discuss these terms one by one.

A circle is a plane figure bounded by a line
drawn around, and in the middle there is a
point, all straight lines drawn from which to
the surrounding line are equal to one another.

A plane figure is a figure, no point of which
rises above or £ills below the lines that bound it.

The circumference is the line that so bounds
the circle that all straight lines drawn from the
center to the circumference are equal to one
another. The circumference is also called in
Latin ambitus, circuitus, curvatura, circulus, and
in Greek periphereia.

The center of a circle is a point so situated
that all straight lines drawn from it to the line
bounding the circle are equal to one another.

A semicircle is a plane figure bounded by the

37

^^M

IHBdHH

1

Principles of Geometry

meter of the circle and one half of the cir-
nference.

rhe diameter of a circle is any straight line
sing through the center of the circle and ex-
ding in both directions to the circumference.
K straight line is the shortest distance be-
;en two points.

^n angle is the mutual coming together of
D lines. It is the portion of a figure increas-
; in width from the point of intersection.
A. right angle is an angle formed by one line
ing upon another line and making the two
jles on either side equal to each other. If a

CHAPTER II

Sphere, Axis, Poles, Etc., Accurately
Defined

Before any one can obtain a knowledge of
cosmography, it is necessary that he should
have an understanding of the material sphere.
After that he will more easily comprehend the
description of the entire world which was first
handed down by Ptolemy and others and after-
ward enlarged by later scholars, and on which
further light has recently been thrown by
Amerigo Vespucci.

A sphere, as Thcodosius defines it in his book
on spheres, is a solid and material figure bounded
by a convex surface, in the center of which
there is a point, all straight lines drawn from
which to the circumference are equal to one
another. And while, according to modern
writers, there are ten celestial spheres, there is
a material sphere like the eighth (which is
called the fixed sphere because it carries the
fixed stars), composed of circles joined together
ideally by a line and axis crossing the center,
that is, the earth.

The axis of a sphere is a line passing through

Geometrical Definitions

: center and touching with its extremities the
cumference of the sphere on both sides.
iQut this axis the sphere whirls and turns like
: wheel of a wagon about its axle, which is a
oothly rounded pole, the axis being the
meter of the circle itself. Of this Manilius
:aks as follows:

Through the cold air a slender line is drawn,
Round which the starry world revolves.

The poles, which are also called cardines
inges) and vertices (tops), are the points of the
avens terminating the axis, so fixed that they
rer move, but always remain in the same

Geometrical Definitions

the seven stars of the Wain, which are called
Triones; there are seven stars also in the Lesser
Bear, sometimes called Cynosura. Wherefore
fiaptista Mantuanus says:

Under thy guidance, Helice, under thine, Cynosura,
We set sail over the deep, etc.

Likewise, the wind coming from that part of
the world is called Borealis and Aquilonicus
(northern). Sailors are accustomed to call
Cynosura the star of the sea.

Opposite to the arctic pole is the antarctic,
whence it derives its name, for avri in Greek is
the equivalent of contra in Latin. This pole is
also called Noticus and Austronoticus (southern).
It can not be seen by us on account of the
curvature of the earth, which slopes downward,
but is visible from the antipodes (the existence
of which has been established). It should be
remarked in passing that the downward slope
of a spherical object means its swelling or belly;
that convexity is the contrary of it and denotes
concavity.

There are, besides, two other poles of the
zodiac itself, describing two circles in the
heavens, the arctic and the antarctic. Since we
have made mention of the zodiac, the arctic,
and the antarctic (which are circles in the
heavens), we shall treat of circles in the follow-
ing chapter.

41

1

CHAPTER III

Of the Circles of the Heavens

There are two kinds of circles, called also
mina by authors, on the sphere and in the
avens, not really existing, but imaginary;
mely, great and small circles.
A great circle is one which, described on the
Qvex surface of the sphere, divides it into two

The Circles of the Heavens

the first point of Aries, in the month of March,
and at the first point of Libra, in the month of
September), it is the equinox throughout the
world and the day and night are equal. The
equinox of March or of Aries is the vernal
equinox, the equinox of September or of Libra
the autumnal.

The zodiac is a great circle intersecting-
the equator at two points, which are the first
points of Aries and Libra. One half of it in-
clines to the north, the other to the south. It
is so called either from t,<^iov, meaning an
animal, because it has twelve animals in it, or
from ^0)7, meaning life, because it is understood
that the lives of all the lower animals are gov-
erned by the movements of the planets. The
Latins call it signifer (sign-bearing), because it
has twelve signs in it, and the oblique circle.
Therefore Vergil says:

Where the series of the signs might revolve obliquely.

In the middle of the width of the zodiac
there is a circular line dividing it into two
equal parts and leaving six degrees of latitude
on either side. This line is called the ecliptic,
because no eclipse of the sun or moon ever
takes place unless both of them pass under that
line in the same or in opposite degrees, — In the
same, if it is to be an eclipse of the sun ; in

43

other.

There are two coh
are distinguished as
They are so called fro
means a member and
oxen), which Caesar s
his "Commentaries,"
ian forest and are of 1
cause, just as the ta
makes a semicircular
so the colure always a
for one half is visible
concealed.

The solstitial colure
circle of declinations,
through the first poin
corn, as well as throug
and the poles of the w

The eauinoctifll rol

The Circles of the Heavens

the point vertically overhead and the poles of
the world. These circles we have drawn ten
degrees apart in our world map in the solid and
projected on the plane. There is a point in
the heavens directly over any object, which is
called the zenith.

The horizon, also called jin//or {limiting line),
is a great circle of the sphere dividing the
upper hemisphere (that is, the half of a sphere)
from the lower. It is the circle at which
the vision of those who stand under the open
sky and cast their eyes about seems to end. It
appears to separate the part of the heavens that
is seen from the part that is not seen. The
' horizon of different places varies, and the point
vertically overhead of every horizon is called
the pole, for such a point is equally distant in
all directions from the Jinitor or the horizon
itself.

Having thus considered the great circles, let
us now proceed to the small circles.

The arctic circle is a small circle which one
pole of the zodiac describes about the arctic
pole of the world by the motion of the primum
mobile.

The antarctic is a small circle which the other
pole of the zodiac makes and describes about
the antarctic pole of the world. We mean by
the pole of the zodiac {of which we spoke also in

45

1

The Circles of the Heavens

e preceding chapter), the point that is equally
itant from any point on the ecliptic, for the
les of the zodiac are the extremities of the
is of the ecliptic. The distance of the pole
the zodiac from the pole of the world is
ual to the greatest declination of the sun (of
lich we shall say more presently).
The tropic of Cancer is a small circle which
: sun, when at the first point of Cancer,
scribes by the motion of the prir/mm mobile.
lis point is also called the summer solstice.
The tropic of Capricorn is a small circle
lich the sun, when at the first point of Capri-

CHAPTER IV

Of a Certain Theory of the Sphere
According to the System of Degrees

The celestial sphere is surrounded by five
principal circles, one great and four small — the
arctic, the circle of Cancer, the equator, the
circle of Capricorn, and the antarctic. Of these
the equator is a great circle, the other four are
small circles. These circles, or rather the
spaces that are between them, authors are wont
to call zones. Thus Vergil, in the Georgics,
says:

Five zones the heavens contain ; whereof is one
Aye red with flashing sunlight, fervent aye
From fire ; on either side to left and right
Are traced the utmost twain, stiff with blue ice.
And black with scowling storm-clouds, and betwixt
These and the midmost, other twain there lie,
By the gods* grace to heart-sick mortals given,
And a path cleft between them, where might wheel
On sloping plane the system of the signs.

Of the nature of the zones more will be said
in the following pages. Inasmuch as we have
mentioned above the pole of the zodiac that

47

A Certain Theory of the Sphere

;scribes the arctic circle, therefore in place of
Tther consideration this must be understood to
ean the upper pole of the zodiac (situated at
1 elevation of 66° g', and distant from the arctic
>le 24° 51''). It must be recalled also that a de-
ee is the thirtieth part of a sign, that a sign is
le twelfth part of a circle, and that thirty multi-
ied by twelve gives three hundred and sixty.
) it becomes clear that a degree can be defined

the three hundred and sixtieth part of a circle.

The lower pole of the zodiac describes the
itarctic circle, which is situated in the same
^gree of declination and is at the same distance
DiT^h^antarcti^pol^a^h^jPDe^pol^o^h^^

A Certain Theory of the Sphere

Hitherto we have spoken of the five zones
and of their distance from one another. We
shall now briefly discuss the remaining circles.

The circle of the zodiac is determined by the
poles of the zodiac. From the poles to the
tropics {that is, to the greatest declinations of the
sun or the solstices), the distance is 42° 1 8'.
The width of the zodiac from the ecliptic toward
either of the tropics is 6°, or in all 1 2°.

The solstices and the equinoxes mark the
colures of declination and ascension. These in-
tersect under the poles of the world along the
axis of the heavens at spherical right angles;
likewise along the equator. But the equinoctial
colures going along the zodiac make oblique
angles, while they make right angles along the
zodiac of the solstices. The meridional circle,
which is movable, is contained by the same axis
under the poles themselves.

The circle of the horizon is determined by
the zenith, for, as its upper pole, the zenith is
everywhere equally distant from it. The circle
of the horizon also divides our hemisphere from
the other from east to west, but for those who
are beneath the equinoctial, through the two
poles of the world. The zenith of every hori-
zon is always distant 90<', which is the fourth
part of a circle, from the circumference of the
horizon, while the circumference of the horizon

49

A Certain Theory of the Sphere

tour times as great as the distance between
e zenith and the horizon.

It is worthy of notice that the axis of the
orld in the material sphere passes diametrically
3m the poles through the center of the world,
hich is the earth.

The axis of the zodiac, however, is not appar-
it in the sphere, but has to be conceived. This
tersects the middle of the axis of the world,
aking unequal or oblique angles at the center.

In this way, in the very creation of the world
ere seems to be a wonderful order and ex-
lordinary arrangement. The old astronomers.

A Certain Theory of the Sphere

we shall here insert for the better understanding
of these matters, the tropics of Cancer and Cap-
ricorn and the greatest declinations of the sun
will be distant 24° from the equinoctial, the
same as the distance of the poles of the zodiac
or the arctic and antarctic circles from the poles
of the world, situated at an elevation of over 66°.

Arctic Pole

Antarctic R>le

5'

1

CHAPTER V
F THE Five Celestial Zones and the Ap-
plication OF These and of the Degrees
OF the Heavens to the Earth

Up to this point we have spoken very briefly
■ several geometrical principles, of the sphere,
le poles, the five zones, the circles of the
orld, and of a certain theory in regard to these
alters. Now, in regular order, if I am not

The Five Celestial Zones

state that the four small circles, the arctic, the
circle of Cancer, the circle of Capricorn, and
the antarctic, divide and separate the five zones
of the heavens.

In the following diagram let a represent the
arctic pole of the world, be the arctic circle, de
the circle of Cancer, _^ the circle of Capricorn,
hk the antarctic circle, and / the south pole.

The first zone, or the arctic, is all the space
included between bac. This zone, being frozen
stiff with perpetual cold, is uninhabited.

The second zone Is all the space included be-
tween he and de. This is a temperate zone and
is habitable.

The third zone is all the space included be-
tween de and^. This zone, on account of its
heat, is scarcely habitable; for the sun, describ-
ing circles there with a constant whirling mo-
tion along the line fe {which for us marks the
ecliptic), by reason of its heat makes the zone
torrid and uninhabited.

The fourth zone is all the space included be-
tween y|^ and hk. This is a temperate zone and
is habitable, if the immense areas of water and
the changed conditions of the atmosphere per-
mit it.

The fifth zone is all the space included be-
tween hkl. This zone is always stiff with cold
and uninhabited.

53

The Five Celestial Zones

I When we say that any zone of the heavens is
Ither inhabited or uninhabited, we wish it to
p understood that this applies to the correspond-
zonc lying beneath that celestial zone,
rhen we say that any zone is inhabited or in-
■bitable, we mean that it is easily inhabitable,
ftkewise, when we say that any zone is unin-
Ibited or uninhabitable^ we understand that it
I habitable with difficulty. For there are many
Kople who now inhabit the dried-up torrid
such as the inhabitants of the Golden
ihersonese,' the Taprobanenaes,' the Ethiopians,
Id a very large part of the earth which had

The Fm Celestial Zones
Let us here insert the diagram.

Arctic Pole

Antarctic Pole

55

CHAPTER VI
Of Parallels
Parallels, which are also called Almucantars,
s circles or lines equidistant in every direction
d at every point, and never running together
en if extended to infinity. They bear the
ne relation to one another as the equator does
the four small circles on the sphere, not that

Of ParaiUU

it has seemed to us most convenient, as it seemed
to Ptolemy also,in our representation of universal
cosmography, both in the soUd and projected on
the plane, to separate the parallels by as many
degrees from one another as the following table
shows. To this table a diagram also will be
subjoined, in which we shall extend the parallels
through the earth on both sides to the celestial
sphere.

57

■

Of Parallels

?inlkli iioro tbc

"■j::^''-

GnnUDginlia

ofhounim

d-jr

Number irf
mUaiaunc

OfThuleS

63

20

•8*

61

'9

t

58

18

3'i

S6

>7

i ("")

\

S*

17

371

i

or the Rhiphcan

S'l

"i

♦■4

I

Oftlic Bnrysthenci
(Dnieper) 6

^n ; '6

4»t

B

4S

'51

44

1

43A

'!J

45

§

Of Rome s

4<'((

1!

47

g-

1 iH 1

tAi

.Rl

"

■

Of Parallels

ClimatM Degreei Honn Milet

, And-Climate
" of Sycn.

ni

nA 52

7

^TA

■3¥

vitA the Anttrctic Pole, u the fbllowing diagram ihont;

Arctic Pole

Antarctic Pole

59

Although the word climatt
region, it is here used to me;
earth between two equidistant f
from the beginning to the eni
there is a difference of a half-h
day. The number of any c
from the equator, indicates the
hours by which the longest da
exceeds the day that is equa
There are seven of these clima
the south the seventh has not y
But toward the north Ptoler
country that was hospitable an
distance represented by seven h
seven climates have obtained tt
some prominent city, river, or i

I . The first climate is called
Meroe, modern Shendi), fron
Greek means through and gove

Of Climates

show you the beginning, the middle, and the
end of this first climate and also of the rest, as
well as the hours of the longest day in every one
of them.

2. Dia Sienes (of Syene, modern Assuan),
jfrom Syene, a city of Egypt, the beginning of
the province of Thebais.

3. Dia Alexandrias (of Alexandria), from
Alexandria, a famous city of Ajfrica, the chief
city of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great,
of whom it has been said by the poet :

One world is not enough for the youth of Pella.*

— (Juvenal, x, 168.)

4. Dia Rhodon (of Rhodes), from Rhodes,
an island on the coast of Asia Minor, on which
in our time there is situated a famous city of the
same name, which bravely resisted the fierce
and warlike attacks of the Turks and gloriously
defeated them.

5. Dia Rhomes (of Rome), jfrom a well-
known city of Europe, the most illustrious
among the cities of Italy and at one time the
famous conqueror of all nations and the capital
of the world. It is now the abode of the great
Father of Fathers.

6. Dia Borysthenes (of Borysthenes, modern
Dnieper), from a large river of the Scythians,
the fourth from the Danube.

'A city in Mtcedonia, the birthplace of Alexander.

61

biNCE in tne preceaing pag<
tioned the winds now and
spoke of the north pole, the
and as it is understood that a ki
is of some importance, or ra
vantage, to cosmography, w<
reasons say something in tl
winds, also called spintus and^
wind, therefore, as defined by
is an exhalation, warm and c
ally around the earth, etc.

Now, inasmuch as the sun
and setting, the summer risin:
equinoctial rising and setting
rising and setting, according
the two tropics and the equa
as there are also two sides — 1(
the south, all of which have
them ; therefore it follows th

¥»rtn/1c in all tViree eiisfprn. th

Of the Winds

£a8t

West

Side

Tropic of
Cancer

Kaikias

Chorus

Principal

Equator

Subsolanus

Favonius or
Zephyros

Side

Tropic of
Capricorn

Eurus or
Vultumus

Africus or
libs

South North

Side

Euronotus

Septentrio

Principal

Auster or
Notus

Aquilo or
Boreas

Side

Libonotus

Trachias or
Circius

The poets, however, by poetic license, ac-
cording to their custom, instead of the principal
winds use their secondary winds, which are also
called side winds. Thus Ovid says:

Far to the east
Where Persian mountains greet the rising sun
Eurus withdrew. Where sinking Phoebus* rays
Glow on the western shores mild Zephyr fled.
Terrific Boreas frozen Scythia seiz'd,
Beneath the icy bear. On southern climes
From constant clouds the showery Auster rains.
— (Metamorphoses, i, 61-66, translated by Howard.)

65

V ergu s verse :

Melts from the mountain's hoar, j
Unbinds the crumbling clod.

— (Gcorgics, i, 44, tran

The south wind (Auster) fr
storms, hurricanes, and sho^
Ovid says:

Notus rushe
On pinions dropping rain.

— (Metamorphose
by Howard.)

The north wind (Aquilo), 1
severity of its cold, freezes the

And frosty winter with his north t
doth wear.

— (Vergil, ^neid, iii, 285, transl

In regard to these winds, ]
poet Gallinarius, a man of grea
posed the following :

S.OVi'^VV

Of the Winds

Although the north winds are naturally cold,
they are softened because they pass through the
torrid zone. This has been found to be true of
the south wind, which passes through the torrid
zone before it reaches us, as is shown in the
following lines :

Wherever the cold south wind goes, it rages
and binds the waters with tight fetters. But
until with its blast it passes through the torrid
regions, it comes welcome to our shores and
hurls back the merciless shafts of the north
wind. The latter wind on the contrary, which
deals harshly with us, slackening its flight, be-
comes in like manner gentler in the lowest part
of the globe. The other winds, where they
direct their various courses, soon change, as they
go, the natures which are proper to their homes.

We have said enough about winds. We shall
now insert a general map, indicating the poles,
the axes, the circles, great as well as small, the
east, the west, the five zones, the degrees of
longitude and latitude, both on the earth and in
the heavens, the parallels, the climates, the
winds, etc.

67

KJF CERTAIN Elements o

It is clear from astronomic
that the whole earth is a poi
with the entire extent of the
if the earth's circumference h
size of the celestial globe, it r
to have absolutely no extent,
fourth part of this small regi
which was known to Ptolemy
by living beings like ourselves,
been divided into three partJ
and Asia.

Europe is bounded on the w<
Ocean, on the north by the I
the east by the river Tanais (m<
Maeotis (modern Sea of Azov
Sea, and on the south by th
Sea. It includes Spain, Gaul,
Italy, Greece, and Sarmatia. I

Of Certain Elements of Cosmography

Jupiter, who assumed the form of a snow-white
bull, and after being brought over the seas to
Crete seated upon his back to have given her
name to the land lying opposite.

Africa is bounded on the west by the Atlantic
Ocean, on the south by the Ethiopian Ocean,
on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, and on
the east by the river Nile. It embraces the
Mauritanias, viz., Tingitana (modern Tangiers)
and Caesarea, inland Libya, Numidia (also called
Mapalia), lesser Africa (in which is Carthage,
formerly the constant rival of the Roman em-
pire), Cyrenaica, Marmarica (modern Barca),
Libya (by which name also the whole of Africa
is called, from Libs, a king of Mauritania), in-
land Ethiopia, Egypt, etc. It is called Africa
because it is free from the severity of the cold.

Asia, which far surpasses the other divisions
in size and in resources, is separated from
Europe by the river Tanais (Don) and from
Africa by the Isthmus, which stretching south-
ward divides the Arabian and the Egyptian seas.
The principal countries of Asia are Bithynia,
Galatia, Cappadocia, Pamphylia, Lydia, Cilicia,
greater and lesser Armenia, Colchis, Hyrcania,
Iberia, and Albania ; besides many other
countries which it would only delay us to enu-
merate one by one. Asia is so called after a
queen of that name.

6q

justly object to calling this p:
the land of Amerigo, or Ameri
its discoverer, a man of great
tion and the customs of its in
clearly understood from the
Amerigo, which are subjoined.
Thus the earth is now kno^
into four parts. The first thr
tinents, while the fourth is an
as it is found to be surroundec
the ocean. Although there is
just as there is only one earth,
by many seas and filled with r
it takes various names. Thei
found in the Cosmography, ar
translation of Dionysius enumi
following lines:

Of Certain Elements of Cosmography
the Saturnian Sea, and by others the Dead Sea,

« lie 4( # lie lie lie

Where, however, the sun rises with its first
light, they calJ it the Eastern or the Indian Sea.
But where the inclined pole receives the burn-
ing south wind, it is called the Ethiopian or the

Red Sea,

« « « « « 4^ «

Thus the great ocean, known under various

names, encircles the whole world;

«««««««

"Of its arms the first that stretches out
breaks through Spain with its waves, and extends
from the shores of Libya to the coast of Pam-
phylia. This is smaller than the rest. A larger
gulf is the one that enters into the Caspian land,
which receives it from the vast waters of the
north. The arm of the sea which Tethys (the
ocean) rules as the Saturnian Sea is called the
Caspian or the Hyrcanian. But of the two gulfs
that come from the south sea, one, the Persian,
running northward, forms a deep sea, lying op-
posite the country where the Caspian waves
roll ; while the other rolls and beats the shores
of Panchaea and extends to the south opposite to
the Euxine Sea.

" Let us begin in regular order with the
waters of the Atlantic, which Cadiz makes

71

blue arc iiic piiiarb. jjulii lin

one looking toward Libya, i
Europe. Then comes the (
beats the Celtic shores. Afl
called by the name of the Lij
masters of the world grew up
tends from the north to Leucc
island of Sicily with its curvi
strait. Cyrnos (modern Cors
the waters that bear its name
the Sardinian Sea and the C<
the surging tide of the Tyrrhi
toward the south ; it enters 1
which turns toward the east
from the shores of Pachynum
a steep rock, which stands out
powerful Gortyna and Phaestun
midst of the fields. This rock

Of Certain Elements of Cosmography

Sea, famous throughout the world. It separates
two shores, which, however, meet in one point.
On the right fertile Illyria extends, and next to
this the land of the warlike Dalmatians. But its
left is bounded by the Ausonian peninsula, whose
curving shores the three seas, the Tyrrhenian,
the Sicilian, and the vast Adriatic, encircle on
all sides. Each of these seas within its limits
has a wind peculiar to itself. The west wind
lashes the Tyrrhenian, the south wind the Sicil-
ian, while the east wind breaks the waters of the
Adriatic which roll beneath its blasts.

" Leaving Sicily the sea spreads its deep ex-
panse to the greater Syrtis which the coast of
Libya encircles. After the greater Syrtis passes
into the lesser, the two seas beat far and wide
upon the re-echoing shores. From Sicily the
Cretan Sea stretches out toward the east as far
as Salmonis, which is said to be the eastern
end of Crete.

" Next come two vast seas with dark waves,
lashed by the north wind coming from Ismarus,
which rushes straight down from the regions of
the north. The first, called the Pharian Sea,
washes the base of a steep mountain. The
second is the Sidonian Sea, which turns toward
the north, where the gulf of Issus joins it. This
sea does not continue far in a straight line ; for
it is broken by the shores of Cilicia. Then

7i

** Next look again toward 1
hold the iEgean Sea, whose v
of all other seas, and whose vj
the scattered Cyclades. It en
Tenedos, near the narrow stn
the waters of the Propontis is
Asia with its great peoples ex
where the wide peninsula stn
comes theThracian Bosporus,
Black Sea. In the whole wc
is no strait narrower than thii
the Symplegades, close togeth
east the Black Sea spreads
northeasterly direction. Fn
promontory stands out in t
waters; one, coming from As
called Carambis ; the other oi
juts out from the confines

called Kotnu ufrmTrnv Irctm^Q

Of Certain Elements of Cosmography

is bent when the string is drawn tight. The
right side resembles the string, for it forms a.
straight line, outside of which line is found
Carambis only, which projects toward the north.
But the coast that encloses the sea on the left
side, making two turns, describes the arc of the
bow. Into this sea toward the north Lake
Masotis (modern Sea of Azov) enters, enclosed
on all sides by the land of the Scythians, who*
call Lake Masotis the mother of the Black Sea^
Indeed, here the violent sea bursts forth in a
great stream, rushing across the Cimmerian
Bosporus (modern Crimea), in those cold regions
where the Cimmerians dwell at the foot of
Taurus. Such is the picture of the ocean ; such
the glittering appearance of the deep.'*

(Priscian, Periegesis, 37, foil., ed. of Krehl.)

The sea, as we have said before, is full of
islands, of which the largest and the most im-
portant, according to Ptolemy, are the fol-
lowing :

Taprobane (modern Ceylon), in the Indian
Ocean under the equator ; Albion, also called
Britain and England ; Sardinia, in the Mediter-
ranean Sea; Candia, also called Crete, in the
iEgean Sea ; Selandia ; Sicily, in the Mediterra-
nean Sea ; Corsica ; Cyprus.

Unknown to Ptolemy : Madagascar, in the
Prasodes Sea ; Zanzibar ; Java, in the East Indian

75

smaller islands, scattered abou
of the world, that are unkn-
either difficult of access to ha
able for harbors. Their nam
express in verse."

(Perieg
In order to be able to find
between one place and anothei
the pole must first be consic
therefore be briefly remarked
from what precedes, both pole
izon for those who live on th
equator. But as one goes tow:
elevation of the pole increases
goes away from the equator,
the pole indicates the distance
the equator. For the distance (
the equator varies as the elevati
that place. From this the nui

* 1 *

• /•

Of Certain Elements of Cosmography

first degree of the equator up to the twelfth
contains sixty Italian miles, which are equivalent
to fifteen German miles, four Italian miles being
generally reckoned equal to one German mile.
Any degree from the twelfth degree up to the
twenty-fifth contains fifty-nine miles, or fourteen
and three-quarter German miles.

In order to make the matter clearer, we shall
insert the following table :

Degrees Degrees Italian Miles German Miles

Equator —

I up to

1 12 cont'ng

60

15

12

25

59

H^

Tropic —

25

30

54

i3>4

•

30

|37

50

12)4

37

4>

47

i.^'

41

5>

40

10

5'

57

32

8

57

63

28

7

63

66

26

6j4

Arctic Circle^

66

70

21

5K

70

80

6

^H

Arctic Pole —

80

90

* Error for 11 J^.

In like manner from the equator to either
arctic or antarctic pole the number of miles in
a degree of latitude varies. If you wish to find
out the number of miles between one place and
another, examine carefully in what degree of
latitude the two places are and how many de-
grees there are between them ; then find out
from the above table how many miles there are
in a degree of that kind, and multiply this number

77

merely advise you that in desi
of our world-map we have not i
in every respect, particularly a^
lands, where on the marine cl
that the equator is placed others
represented it. Therefore thos<
ought not to find fault with
<ione so purposely, because in t
lowed Ptolemy, and elsewhere t
Ptolemy himself, in the fifth cl
'book, says that he was not acq
parts of the continent on accc
size, that the position of some
of the carelessness of travelers ^
handed down to him, and that
parts which happen at difFerer
undergone variations on accoi
clysms or changes in consequen
are known to have been partly

Appendix

the plane projection we have followed Ptolemy
as regards the new lands and some other
things, while on the globe, which accom-
panies the plane, we have followed the
description of Amerigo that we subjoin.

APPENDIX

Before closing, we shall add to the forego-
ing, as an appendix or corollary, a quadrant, by
which may be determined the elevation of the
pole, the zenith, the center of the horizon, and
the climates; although, if rightly considered,
this quadrant, of which we shall speak, has a
bearing on this subject. For a cosmographer
ought to know especially the elevation of the
pole, the zenith, and the climates of the earth.
This quadrant, then, is constructed in the fol-
lowing way. Divide any circle into four parts
in such a way that the two diameters intersect
at the center at right angles. One of these,
which has sights at either end, will represent
the axis of the poles of the world, the other the
equator. Then divide that part of the circle
which is between the semi-axis that has the
sights and the other semi-diameter into ninety
parts and the opposite part also into the same
number, fix a plumb-line to the center, and
your quadrant will be ready. The quadrant is
used as follows : turn it so that you will see the

79

#-1 k^ I ^/-•I'l

Appendix

Having now finished the chapters that we
proposed to take up, we shall here include the
distant voyages of Vespucci, setting forth the
consequences of the several facts as they bear
upon our plan.

THE END OF THE OUTLINES

8l

Moon give birth to mighty
are the mountains of lus, D:
at the foot of which dw<
From this region rises Africi
which with Libonotus (w<
blows over the heated lands
direction blows Vulturnus (c
upon a sweltering people, cc
its rapid course over the Ind
under the equator lies Tapr
is seen in the Prasodes Sea.
and Bassa in the sea lies a Ian
maps, Ptolemy, situated ur
Capricorn and its companior
right lies a land encircled by
inhabited by a race of nakeci
was discovered by him wh
boasts of as her king, and wh

THE FOUR VOYAGES OF AMERIGO

VESPUCCI

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH INTO LATIN

The translator's Decastich to the Reader.

You who will read, perchance, this slender tome
Will find within a voyage deftly told.
It tells of lands and peoples lately found ;
A novel tale well suited to amuse.
A worthy task for Maro's lofty pen,
Which dressed in noble words a theme sublime.
He who the Trojan heroes wand'ring sang
Should eke have sung thy voyages, Vespucci.
When in our book you've visited these lands.
The contents probe ; *tis not the writer's care.

Distich to the Reader.

Since what is new and well told pleases you,
I bring you what's amusing here and new.

THE END.

83

A A XV

xx-#j.vAVJvy VI2i

To THE most illustrious R
salem and of Sicily, Duke of
Amerigo Vespucci pays hui
presents appropriate recomm<

Perchance, most illustriou
esty will be astonished at my
cause I feel no apprehension
you the present long letter, cv
you to be incessantly occupiec
the highest importance and wil
of State. And I shall be co.
a presumptuous man but one
plished a useless work in unc
you also a story which hard
position, addressed by name to
of Castile, and written in an
quite unpolished style, as if 1
acquainted with the Muses ant

The Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci

I was urged to write chiefly by the bearer of
the present letters, Benvenuto, an humble servant
of your Majesty and a friend of whom I need not
be ashamed. When this gentleman found me at
Lisbon, he begged me to acquaint your Majesty
with the things seen by me during my four
voyages to different quarters of the globe. For,
you must know that I have completed four
voyages of discovery to new lands : two of them
were undertaken by the order of Ferdinand, the
illustrious King of Castile, and carried me
toward the west, through the Great Gulf of the
Ocean; the other two were undertaken at the
command of Manuel, King of Portugal, and
carried me toward the south.

I have therefore prepared myself for the task
urged upon me by Benvenuto, hoping that your
Majesty will not exclude me from the number
of your insignificant servants, especially if you
recollect that formerly we were good friends. I
refer to the years of our youth, when we were
fellow-students, and together drank in the ele-
ments of grammar under the holy and vener-
able friar of St. Mark, my uncle. Friar
Giorgio Antonio Vespucci — a man of good life
and tried learning. Had it been possible for me
to follow in his footsteps, I should be quite a
different man to-day, as Petrarch says. How-
ever that may be, I am not ashamed of being

85

The Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci

lat I am ; for I have always taken pleasure in
tue for its own sake and in scholarship. If,
;n, these narratives give you no pleasure what-
;r, I shall repeat the words which Pliny once
ote to Maecenas, " Formerly you were wont
take delight in my pleasantry." Your
ijesty, it is true, is ever occupied with
lirs of State ; still, you can secretly steal just
ittle time in which to read these accounts,
ling though they be. I assure you that their
y novelty will please. You will find in these
res no slight relief from the wasting cares and
iblems of government. My book will serve
1 as the sweet fennel, which, when taken

PREFACE

Most illustrious King ! Your Majesty must
know that I came to this country primarily as
a merchant. I continued in that career for the
space of four years. But when I observed the
various changes of fortune, and saw how vain
and fleeting riches are, and how for a time they
lift man to the top of the wheel and then hurl
him headlong to the bottom — him, who had
boasted of wide possessions ; — when I saw all this,
and after I had personally suffered such experi-
ences, I determined to abandon the business
career and to devote all my efforts to worthier
and more enduring ends.

And so I set about visiting different parts of
the world and seeing its many wonders. Both
time and place were favorable to my plans. For
Ferdinand, King of Castile, was at that time
fitting out four ships to discover new lands in
the west, and His Highness made me one of that
company of explorers. We set sail from the
harbor of Cadiz on the 20th of May, 1497,
making our way through the Great Gulf of the

87

Preface

;an. This voyage lasted eighteen months,
ing which we discovered many lands and
.est countless islands (inhabited as a general
:), of which our forefathers make absolutely
mention. I conclude from this that the
ients had no knowledge of their existence,
lay be mistaken ; but I remember read-
somewhere that they believed the sea
be free and uninhabited. Our poet Dante
iself was of this opinion, when, in the
h canto of the Inferno, he pictures the
th of Ulysses. From the following pages,
vever, your Majesty will learn of the marvels

The First Voyage
The First Voyage

In the year of Our Lord 1497, ^^ ^^^ 20th
day of May, we set sail from the harbor of Cadiz
in four ships. On our first run, with the wind
blowing between the south and the southwest*,
we made the islands formerly called the Fortu-
nate Islands, but now the Grand Canary, situated
at the edge of the inhabited west and within the
third climate. At this place, the North Pole
rises 2j% degrees above the horizon, the islands
themselves being 280 leagues from the city of
Lisbon, in which this present pamphlet was
written. There we spent almost eight days,
providing ourselves with fuel and water and
other necessary things. Then, after first offer-
ing our prayers to God, we raised and spread our
sails to the wind, shaping our course to the west,
with a point to southwest. We kept on this
course for some time, and just as the 27th day
was past we reached an unknown land, the main-
land as we thought. It was distant from the
islands of the Grand Canary 1 000 leagues, more
or less ; it was inhabited, and was situated in the
Torrid Zone. This we ascertained from the
following observations: that the North Pole
rises 1 6 degrees above the horizon of this new
land, and that it is 75 degrees more to the west

'Vespucci names the wind according to the point toward which
it blows.

89

The First Voyage

an the islands of Grand Canary — at least so all
ir instruments showed.

Here we dropped the bow anchors and sta-
ined our fleet a league and a half from the
ore. We then lowered a few boats, and, fiU-
g them with armed men, we pulled as far as
le land. The moment we approached, we re-
iced not a little to see hordes of naked people
inning along the shore. Indeed, all those whom
e saw going about naked seemed also to be
:ceedingly astonished at us, I suppose because
ley noticed that we wore clothing, and pre-
nted a difi^erent appearance from them. When
ley realized that we had actually arrived, they

The First Voyage

ships, where we anchored only one-half a league
from the land. Here we again saw countless
hordes of people. Desiring to see them close by
and to speak with them, on that very day we
approached the shore in our boats and skiffs, and
then we landed in good order, about forty
strong. The natives, however, showed them-
selves very loath to approach us or have any-
thing to do with us. We could do nothing to
induce them to speak with us or to enter upon
any kind of communication. But finally, by
dint of much labor undertaken with this one
purpose in view, we managed to allure a few of
them by giving them little bells and mirrors and
pieces of crystal and other such trifles. In this
way they became quite easy about us. They now
came to meet us, and in fact to treat concerning
terms of peace and friendship. At nightfall we
took leave of them and returned to our ships.
The next day, when the sun was quite risen, we
again saw upon the beach an endless number of
men and women, the latter carrying their chil-
dren with them. We furthermore noticed that
they were bringing with them all their house-
hold utensils, which will be described below in
their proper place. The nearer we approached
the shore, more and more of the natives jumped
into the water (for there are many expert
swimmers among them), and swam out the dis-

91

The First Voyage

coarse and animal-like to have hair on the
body.

All of them, both men and women, are grace-
ful in walking and swift in running. Indeed^
even their women (as we have often witnessed)
think nothing of running a league or two,
wherein they greatly excel us Christians. They
all swim remarkably well, in fact better than
one would believe possible ; and the women are
far better swimmers than the men, a statement
which I can make with authority, for we fre-
quently saw them swim in the sea for two
leagues without any assistance whatsoever.

Their weapons are the bow and arrow, which
they have learned to make very skillfully. They
are unacquainted with iron and the metals, and
consequently, in place of iron, they tip their
arrows with the teeth of animals and fishes, and
they also often harden the arrows by burning
their ends. They are expert archers, with the
result that they strike with their arrows what-
ever they aim at. In some places also the wo-
men are very skillful with the bow and arrow.
They have other weapons also, such as spears or
stakes sharpened at the ends, and clubs with
wonderfully carved heads.

They are wont to wage war upon neighbors
speaking a different language, fighting most
mercilessly and sparing none, except to reserve

93

\

.•••• * '«^ V^AI

them can place on h
thirty or forty leagu<
man (and even a str(
ground. They have
tains; in fact, sine
leader, they go forth
They never fight for
any other improper
for war is an enmity c
in them from olden
concerning the cause
no other reason excej
death of their ancesto
perfect liberty, and ob
have neither king noi
They are, however,
and gird themselves f<

The First Voyage

him to avenge the death of his kinsman. All
are quickly stirred to the same feeling, gird
themselves for the fight and make a sudden dash
upon their enemies.

They observe no laws, and execute no justice.
They do not punish their evildoers; indeed, not
even the parents rebuke or chastise their chil-
dren ; and, wonderful to relate, we several times
saw them quarrel among themselves. They are
simple in their speech, but very shrewd and
crafty. They speak rarely ; and when they do
speak, it is in a low tone, using the same sounds
as we. On the whole they shape their words
either on the teeth or the lips, employing, of
course, different words from those of our lan-
guage. They have many different idioms, for
we found such a variety of tongues in every
hundred leagues that they do not understand
one another.

They observe most barbarous customs in their
eating ; indeed, they do not take their meals at
any fixed hours, but eat whenever they are so
inclined, whether it be day or night. At meals
they recline on the ground, and do not use either
tablecloths or napkins, being entirely unac-
quainted with linen and other kinds of cloth.
The food is served in earthen pots which they
make themselves, or else in receptacles made out
of half-gourds. They sleep in a species of large

95

The First Voyage

et made of cotton and suspended in the air ;
id though this mode of sleeping may appear
id and uncomfortable, I testify that, on the
sntrary, it is very pleasant ; for it was frc-
iiently my lot to sleep in such nets, and I had

feeling of greater comfort then than when
iider the coverlets which we had with us.

In their person they are neat and clean, for
le reason that they bathe very frequently.
*****

In their sexual intercourse they have no legal
aligations. In fact, each man has as many wives
. he covets, and he can repudiate them later
henever he pleases, without its being considered

The First Voyage

whole and as clean as fishes. However, they
are of such a cruel nature and harbor such vio-
lent hatreds that, if the husbands chance to anger
them, they immediately commit some wrong.
For instance, to appease their great wrath, they
kill the fetus within their own wombs, and thea
cause an abortion. In this way countless off-
spring are destroyed. They have handsome, well-
proportioned and well-knit figures; indeed, no
blemish can possibly be discovered in them. . . .

No one of this race, as far as we saw, ob-
served any religious law. They can not justly be
called either Jews or Moors ; nay, they are far
worse than the gentiles themselves or the pagans,
for we could not discover that they performed
any sacrifices nor that they had any special
places or houses of worship. Since their life is
so entirely given over to pleasure, I should style
it Epicurean.

They hold their habitations in common.
Their dwellings are bell-shaped, and are strongly
built of large trees fastened together, and covered
with palm leaves, which offer ample protection
against the winds and storms. In some places
these dwellings were so large that we found as
many as six hundred persons living in a single
building. Of all these dwellings we found that
eight were most thickly populated ; in fact, that
ten thousand souls lived within them at one and

97

The First Voyage

,e same time. Every eight or seven years they
ovc the seat of their abodes. When asked the
ason for this, they gave a most natural answer,
hey said that it was on account of the con-
lual heat of a strong sun, and because, from
veiling too long in the same place, the air
;came infected and contaminated, and brought
lout various diseases of the body. And in truth,
eir point seemed to us to be well taken.
Their riches consist of variegated birds'
athers, and of strings of beads (like our pater
sters), made of fish bones, or of green or
bite stones. These they wear as ornaments on
e forehead, or suspended from their lips and

The First Fey age

friendship is this : that they place at the disposal
of their friends their own wives and daughters,
both parents considering themselves highly
honored if any one deigns to lead their daughter
(even though yet a maiden) into concubinage.
In this way (as I have said) they seal the bond
of their friendship.

In burying the dead they follow many differ-
ent customs. Some, indeed, follow the practice
of inhumation, placing at the head water and
food, for they believe that the dead will eat and
subsist thereupon. But there is no further grief
at their departure^ and they perform no other
ceremonies. In some places a most barbarous
and inhuman rite is practised. When any one
of their fellow-tribesmen is believed to be at the
point of death, his relations take him into some
great* forest, where they place him in one of
those nets in which they are accustomed to
sleep. They then suspend him thus reclining
between two trees, dance around him for a
whole day, and then at nightfall return to their
habitations, leaving at the head of the dying
man water and food to last him about four days.
If at the end of this period the sick man can
eat and drink, becomes convalescent, regains his
health, and returns to his own habitation, then
all his relations, whether by blood or marriage,
welcome him with the greatest ceremonies. But

99

The First Voyage

ere are few who can pass safely through so
vere an ordeal. Indeed, no one ever visits
e sick man after he is abandoned in the
oods. Should he, therefore, chance to die, he
ceives no further burial. They have many
her savage rites of burial, which I shall not
ention, to avoid the charge of being too
olix.

In their sicknesses they employ many dlffer-
it kinds of medicines, so different from ours
id so discordant with our ideas that we woD-
;red not a little how any one could possibly
rvive. For, as we learned from frequent ex-
:rience, if any one of them is sick with fever.

The First Voyage

many other cures and remedies which it would
be tedious to enumerate.

They arc full-blooded and phlegmatic, owing
to the food they eat, which consists chiefly of
roots, fruits, herbs, and fishes of diflferent kinds.
They do not raise crops of spelt or of any other
grain. Their most common food is a certain
root which they grind into a fairly good flour
and which some of the natives call iucha^ others
chambi^ and still others ygnami.^ They very
rarely eat flesh, with the exception of human
flesh ; and in this they are so inhuman and so
savage as to outdo even the wild animals. In-
deed, all the enemies whom they either kill or
capture, without discriminating between the men
and the women, are relished by them with such
savageness that nothing more barbarous and
cruel can either be seen or heard of. Time and
again it fell to my lot to see them engaged
in this savage and brutal practice, while they
expressed their wonder that we did not likewise
eat our enemies. Your royal Majesty may rest
assured on this point, that their numerous cus-
toms are all so barbarous that I can not describe
them adequately here. Therefore, considering
the many, many things I saw in my four voy-
ages — things so entirely diflferent from our cus-
toms and manners — I have prepared and com-

* The Italian text gives iuca^ cazabi, and ignami.

lOI

The First Voyage

leted a work which I have entitled " The
our Voyages." In this book I have collected
le greater part of the things I saw, and have
ascribed them as clearly as my small ability
ould permit. I have not, however, published

as yet. In this work, each topic is given
lore careful and individual attention, and therc-
)re in the present pamphlet I shall merely
)uch upon them, making only general state-
lents. And so I return to complete the ac-
3unt of our first voyage, from which I have
lade a short digression.

In the beginning of our voyage we did not
:e anything of great value except a few traces

The First Voyage

covered that their whole population, that is to
say, the entire village, had houses built in the
water, as at Venice. There were in all about
twenty large houses, built in the shape of bells
(as we have said above), and resting firmly upon
strong wooden piles. In front of the doors of
each house drawbridges had been erected, over
which one could pass from one hut to another
as if over a well-constructed road. As soon as
the inhabitants of this settlement noticed us they
were seized with great fear, and immediately
raised the drawbridges to defend themselves
against us, and hid themselves within their
houses. While we were watching their actions
with some degree of wonder, lo and behold
about twelve of their boats (which are hollowed
out of the trunk of a single tree) came over the
water to meet us. The occupants of these
boats looked at us and at our clothes with
wonder, and rowed about us in every direction,
but continued to examine us from a distance.
We on our part were similarly observing them,
making many signs of friendship to urge them
to approach us without fear. But it was of no
avail. Seeing their reluctance, we began to row
in their direction. They did not await our
arrival, but immediately fled to the shore, mak-
ing signs to us that we should await their return,
which (they signified) would be shortly. There-

103

may well believ<

Then they went b

with their canoe

kindly manner th

our trusty friends.

behold a large crc

houses (already de

direction. Thoug

further, and thoug

ships, we entertain

of their actions. I

some old women s

houses, shouting w

their cries, and tearj

We now began t

danger was threatej

who had been place

The First Voyage

water. This was sure proof of their treachery,
and we began not only to defend ourselves with
spirit, but also to inflict serious injuries upon
them. In fact, we wrecked and sank many of
the canoes, with great loss of life to their occu-
pants, — a loss which became even greater be-
cause the natives abandoned their canoes entirely
and swam to the shore. About twenty of them
were killed and many more were wounded. Of
ours only five were injured, all of whom were re-
stored to health, with the help of God. We
managed to capture two of the girls and three
men. Later we visited the houses of the settle-
ment, and upon entering found them occupied
only by two old women and a sick man. We
did not set fire to the houses for this reason,
that we feared lest our consciences would prick
us. We then returned to the ships with our
five captives and put them in irons, except the
girls. At night, however, both girls and one
of the men very shrewdly effected their escape.
On the following day we agreed to leave that
port and to sail on along the coast. After a run
of about eighty leagues we came to another
tribe entirely different from the former in lan-
guage and customs. We anchored the fleet and
approached the shore in our small boats. Here
we saw a crowd of about 4,000 persons on the
"beach. As soon as they realized that we were

105

-.^v^Mc «.o xai cijsi a (Ji

upon many tents v^
by that tribe for
them, many fires
their meals, and aj
kinds were being n
we saw that a certa
which looked very
for the wings whic
so strange and so t<
dered at its wild app.
through their tents,
pents, whose feet w
were muzzled so tha
as is done with dogs
they may not bite
was so savage that
poisonous, did not d

The First Voyage

the back) with a kind of bristle, from which we
decided that they were truly serpents. And yet
the above-mentioned tribe cats them. That
same tribe makes bread from the fishes which
they catch in the sea, the process being as fol-
lows : First of all they place the fish in water
and boil it for some time ; then they pound it
and crush it and make it into small cakes which
they bake upon hot ashes and which they then
eat. Upon tasting them we found them to be
not at all bad. They have many other kinds of
food, including different fruits and herbs, but it
would take too long to describe them.

But to return to our story. Although the
natives did not reappear from the woods to
which they had fled, \ye did not take away any
of their possessions, in order that we might in-
crease their confidence in us. In fact, we lefr
many small trifles in their tents, placing them
where they would be seen, and at night returned
to our ships. On the next day, when Titan
began to rise above the horizon, we saw a
countless multitude upon the shore. We im-
mediately landed; and though the natives still
appeared to be somewhat afraid of us, yet they
mingled among us, and began to deal and to
converse with us with complete security. They
signified to us that they would be our friends,
that the tents which we saw were not their real

107

bAAV/V XtC

arrest of those two ]
be enemies of thei
sistence with which
of us decided to go
with the firm resolv
After remaining
marched inland wit)
came to a village co
tions. There we
numerous and such
my pen is too weak
stance, we wereweh
songs, with lamentat
joy and of happines
banqueting. Here \
the natives most g
wives. . . . Al

V «

The First Voyage

showered upon us here. In short, we went
about in their company for nine whole days,
visiting very many of their settlements, with the
result that (as we afterward learned), our com-
panions whom we had left in the ships began to
be very anxious about us and to entertain
serious fears for our safety. And so, after hav-
ing penetrated about eighteen leagues into the
interior of the country, we decided to make our
way back to the ships. On our return a great
crowd of men and women met us and accom-
panied us all the way to the sea, — a fact which
is of itself very remarkable. But there is more.
Whenever it happened that one of our company
would lag behind from weariness, the natives
came to his assistance and carried him most
zealously in those nets in which they sleep. In
crossing the rivers, too (which in their country
are very numerous and very large), they were so
careful with the contrivances they employed
that we never feared the slightest danger. More-
over, many of them, laden down with their
gifts, which they carried in those same nets, ac-
companied us. The gifts consisted of feathers
of very great value, of many bows and arrows,
and of numberless parrots of different colors.
Many others, also, were bringing their house-
hold goods and their animals. In fine, they all
reckoned themselves fortunate if, in crossing a

109

—••* • ^\^ AAA t^AA^Xl dLI

further and to em

^hips, that our boa

j the load. We took

I as we could accomn

our ships. In addit
on board, so many <
j swimming that we

!i their approach ; for

boarded our ships (
;i they were), and e:

equipment and arraj
of the ships themsel
thing happened. W
of our war engines
put a match to the |
such a loud report
natives, upon hearinj

The First Voyage

cned that we repented and chid ourselves for
what we had done. But we quickly reassured
them, and did not permit them to remain any
longer in ignorance, explaining that it was with
these guns that we killed our enemies.

After entertaining them the whole day upon
our ships, we warned them to depart because we
intended to sail during the night; whereupon
they took leave of us in a most friendly and
kindly manner. We saw and learned very many
customs of this tribe and region, but it is not
my intention to dwell upon them here. Your
Majesty will be in a position to learn later of all
the more wonderful and noteworthy things I
saw in each of my voyages ; for I have collected
them in one work written after the manner of a
geographical treatise and entitled "The Four
Voyages.** In this work I give individual and
detailed descriptions, but I have not yet offered
it to the public because I must still revise it and
verify my statements.

That land is very thickly populated, and
everywhere filled with many different animals,
very unlike those of our country. In common
with us they have lions, bears, stags, pigs, goats,
and fallow deer, which are, however, distin-
guished from ours by certain differences. They
are entirely unacquainted with horses, mules,
asses, dogs, and all kinds of small cattle (such as

III

r
■ f

•^xivio, vviiiun are
have plumes of si
that to see and
wonder. The cl
perate and the [
forests and groves
the leaves never i
and entirely difFen
self is situated in
of the second clin
which marks the
Pole rises twenty-t
zon. During this
us, marveling at
And when they as
answered that we h
pay the earth a visi
lieved on all sides.

The First Voyage

along shore and keeping land always in view.
We sailed for 870 leagues, making many tacks
and treating and dealing with numerous tribes.
In many places we obtained gold, but not in
great quantities ; for it sufficed us for the present
to discover those lands and to know that there
was gold therein. And since by that time we
had already been thirteen months on our voyage,
and since the tackle and rigging were very
much the worse for wear and the men were re-
duced by fatigue, we unanimously agreed to
repair our small boats (which were leaking at
every point) and to return to Spain. Just as we
had reached this conclusion, we neared and
entered the finest harbor in the world. Here
we again met a countless multitude, who re-
ceived us in a very friendly manner. On the
beach we built a new boat with material taken
from the other ships and from barrels and casks,
placed upon dry land our rigging and military
engines, which were almost rotting away in the
water, lightened our ships and drew them up on
land. Then we repaired them and patched
them, and gave them a thorough overhauling.
During all these occupations the inhabitants of
the country gave us no slight assistance. Indeed,
they offered us provisions out of friendship and
unasked, so that we consumed very little of our
own supplies. This we considered a great boon,

'^3

4

I

«
1

i

Liic ii'duvcs aiiu u

by each and ever
last expressed oui
and to resume
plained to us thai
hostile tribe, whic
came over the j
through treacher
and devoured a gi
added that otheri
the enemy^s cour
could not defend
mies, making us
habited an island
at sea. They rel
plaintive tones t
and believed thei
exact punishment

The First Voyage

for we did not by any means intend to take the
trouble of bringing them back. To this condi-
tion they gladly assented, and so we took
leave of the natives, who had become our dear
friends, and departed.

We sailed about in our refitted ships for seven
days, with the wind blowing between the north-
east and east. At the end of this period we
reached many islands, of which some were in-
habited and others not. We thereupon ap-
proached one of them ; and while endeavoring
to anchor our ships we saw a great horde of
people on the island, which the inhabitants call
Ity. After examining them for some time, we
manned the small boats with brave men and
three guns, and rowed nearer the shore, which
was filled with 400 men and very many women,
all of whom (like the others) went about naked.
The men were well built, and seemed very war-
like and brave, for they were all equipped with
their usual arms, namely, the bow and arrow
and the lance. Very many of them, moreover,
bore round shields or even square shields, with
which they defended themselves so skillfully
that they were not hindered thereby in shooting
their arrows.

When we had come in our boats to within a
bowshot of the land, they leaped into the sea
and shot an infinite number of arrows at us.

enemy were very
on our side, howev
and twenty-two w
have regained thei
God.

Our arrangemen
erland were now
natives who had co
land (five of whon
aforesaid battle), w
men and four woi
in a boat which th
returned home fillc
great admiration fc
for Spain, and at
Cadiz with our tv
prisoners, on the 2

xrf^or nf Onr T ,nrd

The Second Voyage

The Second Voyage

The following pages contain an account of
my second voyage and of the noteworthy inci-
dents which befell me in the course of that voyage.

We set sail from the harbor of Cadiz, in the
year of Our Lord 1489 (sic), on a May day
As soon as we cleared the harbor, we shaped
our course for the Cape Verde Islands; and
passing in sight of the islands of the Grand
Canary group, we sailed on until we reached the
island called Fire Island. Here we took on sup-
plies of fuel and of water, and resumed our voyage
with a southwest wind. After nineteen days we
reached a new land, which we took to be the
mainland. It was situated opposite to that land
of which mention has been made in our first
voyage ; and it is within the Torrid Zone, south
of the equinoctial line, where the pole rises five
degrees above the horizon beyond every climate.
The land is 500 leagues to the southwest of the
above-mentioned islands.

We discovered that in this country the day is
of the same length as the night on the 27th of
June, when the sun is on the Tropic of Cancer.
Moreover, we found that the country is, in great
measure, marshy and that it abounds in large
rivers, which cause it to have very thick vege-
tation and very high and straight trees. In fact,

119

there and back aj
been said, found th
with water that th
was not submerge
the banks of those
the land was nol
very thickly popul
bark to examine s
and therefore ag
which we did. V
along the coast wi
southeast, trying t
more than forty 1
island itself. Bui
found in that part
rent flowing from
the sea was quite

The Second Voyage

We sailed across the outer harbor that we
might enter the inner haven. In so doing, we
noticed a horde of natives on the aforesaid
island, about four leagues inland from the sea.
We were greatly pleased and got our boats
ready to land. While we were thus engaged,
we noticed a canoe coming in from the open
5ea with many persons on board, which made
us resolve to attack them and make them our
prisoners. We therefore began to sail in their
direction and to surround them, lest they might
escape us. The natives in their turn bent to their
paddles and, as the breeze continued to blow
but moderately, we saw them raise their oars
straight on high, as if to sqy that they would
remain firm and offer us resistance. I suppose
that they did this in order to rouse admiration
in us. But when they became aware that we
were approaching nearer and nearer, they dipped
their paddles into the water and made for the
land. Among our ships there was a very swift boat
of about forty-five tons, which was so headed that
she soon got to windward of the natives. When
the moment for attacking them had come, they
got ready themselves and their gear and rowed off.
Since our ship now went beyond the canoe of the
natives, these attempted to effect their escape.
Having lowered some boats and filled them with
brave men, thinking that we would catch them,

121

The Second Voyage

'. soon bore down on them, but though we pur-
sd them for two hours, had not our caravel
lich had passed them turned back on them
ey would have entirely escaped us. When
ey saw that they were hemmed in on all sides
our small boats and by the ship, all of them
lOut twenty in number) leaped into the water,
)eit they were still about two leagues out at
1. We pursued them with our boats for that
tire day, and yet we managed to capture only
of them, the rest reaching land in safety.
In the canoe which they had abandoned, there
:re four youths, who did not belong to the
lie tribe, but had been captured in another

The Second Voyage

fled in great fright to the groves near by and
hid in their recesses. We then gave one of the
captives permission to leave us, loading him
with very many gifts for the natives with whom
we desired to be friends, among which were
little bells and plates of metal and numerous
mirrors. We instructed him, furthermore, to
tell the natives who had fled not to entertain
any fear on our account, because we were
greatly desirous of being their friends. Our
messenger departed and fulfilled his mission so
well that the entire tribe, about four hundred
in number, came to us from out of the forest,
accompanied by many women. Though un-
armed, they came to where we were stationed
with our small boats, and we became so friendly
that we restored to them the second of the two
men whom we had captured, and likewise sent
instructions to our companions, in whose pos-
session it was, to return to the natives the canoe
which we had run down. This canoe was hol-
lowed out of the trunk of a single tree, and had
been fashioned with the greatest care. It was
twenty-six paces long and two ells (bracchia)
wide. As soon as the natives had recovered
possession of their canoe and had placed it in a
secure spot along the river bank, they unex-
pectedly fled from us and would no longer have
anything to do with us. By such an uncivilized

123

The Second Voyage

t, we knew them to be men of bad faith.
Tiong them we saw a little gold, which they
jre suspended from their ears.
We left that country, and after sailing about
^hty leagues we found a safe anchorage for our
ips, upon entering which we saw such
imbers of natives that it was a wonderful
;ht. We immediately made friends with them
d visited in their company many of their vil-
^es, where we were honorably and heartily
;lcomed. Indeed, we bought of them five
mdred large pearls in return for one small
11, which we gave them for nothing.' In
at land they drink wine made from fruits and

The Second Voyage

people would come to us to marvel at our ap-
pearance, the whiteness of our skins, our clothes
and weapons, and at the great size of our ships.
Indeed, they even told us that one of the tribes
hostile to them lived further to the west, and
possessed an infinite number of pearls ; and that
those pearls which they themselves possessed
had been taken from these enemies in the course
of wars which they had waged against them.
They gave us further information as to how the
pearls were fished and how they grew, all of
which we found to be true, as your Majesty
will learn later on.

We left that harbor and sailed along the
coast, on which we always saw many people.
Continuing on our course, we entered a harbor
for the purpose of repairing one of our ships.
Here again we saw many natives, whom we
could neither force nor coax to communicate
with us in any way. For, if we made any at-
tempt to land, they resisted most desperately;
and if they could not withstand our attack, they
fled to the woods, never waiting for us to ap-
proach any nearer. Realizing their utter sav-
ageness, we departed. While we were thus
sailing on, we saw an island fifteen leagues out
at sea and resolved to visit it and learn whether
or not it was inhabited. Upon reaching it we
found it to be inhabited by a race of most

125

The Second Voyage

imallike simplicity, and at the same time
ry obliging and kind, whose rites and customs
: the following:

THE RITES AND CUSTOMS OF THIS TRIBE.

They were animallike in their appearance and
:ions, and had their mouths full of a certain
:en herb which they continually chewed
on as animals chew their cud, with the result
It they could not speak. Moreover, each one
them had suspended from his neck two small
led gourds, one of which contained a supply
that herb which they were chewing, while
: other contained a kind of white flour re-

The Second Voyage

the while, and expressed our desire to drink
some fresh water. To which they answered, by
signs, that there was none in their country, of-
fering us in its stead some herb and flour such
as they were chewing. We now understood that
since their country lacked water, they chewed
that herb and flour to quench their thirst. And
so it happened that, though we walked along
that shore in their company for a day and a half,
we never came across any spring water, and
learned that such water as they did drink was
the dew which gathered upon certain leaves hav-
ing the shape of a donkey's ears. During the
night these leaves were filled with dew, of which
the people then drank, and it is very good. But
in many places these leaves are not found.

This tribe is entirely unacquainted with the
solid products of the earth, and live chiefly on
the fish which they catch in the sea. Indeed
there are many expert fishermen among them,
and their waters abound in fish, of which they
offered us many turtles and many other most
excellent varieties. The women of the tribe,
however, do not chew the herb as the men do ;
in its place, each one of them carries a single
gourd filled with water, of which they partake
from time to time. They do not have villages
composed of individual houses, nor do they have
even small huts. Their only shelter is made of

127

The Second Voyage

rge leaves, which serve indeed to protect them
;ainst the heat of the sun, but are not a suffi-
ent protection against the rains, from which it
ay be deduced that there is Uttle rain in that
.untry. When they come down to the sea to
h, each one brings with him a leaf so large
at, by fixing one end of it in the ground and
en turning the leaf to follow the sun, he pro-
ires underneath its shade ample relief from the
eat heat. In this island, finally, there are
luntless species of animals, all of which drink
e water of the marshes.

Seeing, however, that there was nothing to
; gained on that island, we left it and found

The Second Voyage

and apparently inhabited. Entering them we
found five women, two of them old and three
young ; and all of them were of such large and
noble stature that we were greatly astonished.
As soon as they laid eyes upon us they were so
overcome with surprise that they had no strength
left for flight. Thereupon the old woman ad-
dressed us soothingly in their own tongue, and,
gathering in one hut, oflfered us great quantities
of food. All of them, in truth, were taller than
a very tall man ; indeed, they were as tall as
Francesco degli Albizi, and better knit and
better proportioned than we are. When we had
observed all this, we agreed to seize the young
girls by force and to bring them to Castile as
objects of wonder.

While we were still deliberating, behold
about thirty-six men began to file through the
door of the house, men much larger than the
women and so magnificently built that it was a
joy to see them. These men caused us such
great uneasiness that we considered it safer to
return to our ships than to remain in their com-
pany. For they were armed with immense
bows and arrows, and with stakes and staflfs the
size of long poles. As soon as they had all en-
tered, they began to talk among themselves as
if plotting to take us prisoners, upon seeing
which we, too, held a consultation. Some were

129

The Second Voyage

' the opinion that we should fall upon them
St where they were, within the hut itself;
ihers disapproved of this entirely, and sug-
;sted that the attack be made out of doors and
the open ; and still others declared that we
lould not force an engagement until we learned
hat the natives decided to do. During the
scussion of these plans we left the hut disguis-
g our feelings and our intentions, and began
• make our way back to the ships. The natives
llowed at a stone's throw, always talking among
lemselves. I believe, however, that their fear
as no less than ours; for, although they kept
i in sight, they remained at a distance, not

The Second Voyage

little further off shore than before and being
compelled to engage with the enemy every now
and then because they did not want us to take
anything out of their country. By this time
thoughts of revisiting Castile began to enter our
minds, particularly for this reason, that we had
now been almost a year at sea and that we had
very small quantities of provisions and other
necessaries left. Even what still remained was
all spoiled and damaged by the extreme heat
which we had suffered. For, ever since our de-
parture from the Cape Verde Islands, we had
continually sailed in the Torrid Zone, and had
twice crossed the equator, as we have said above.
While we were in this state of mind, it pleased
the Holy Spirit to relieve us of our labors. For,
as we were searching for a suitable haven where-
in to repair our ships, we reached a tribe which
received us with the greatest demonstrations of
friendship. We learned, moreover, that they
were the possessors of countless large Oriental
pearls. We therefore remained among them
forty-seven days, and bought 119 marcs of
pearls at a price which, according to our esti-
mation, was not greater than forty ducats, for we
gave them in payment little bells, mirrors, bits
of crystals, and very thin plates of electrum.
Indeed, each one would give all the pearls he
had for one little bell. We also learned from

The Second Voyage

lem how and where the pearls were fished, and
lev gave us several of the shells in which they
row. We bought some shells in addition,
nding as many as i 30 pearls in some, and in
thers not quite so many. Your Majesty must
now that unless the pearls grow to full matu-
ty and of their own accord fall from the shells
1 which they are born, they cannot be quite
effect. Otherwise, as I have myself found by
xperience time and again, they soon dry up and
;ave no trace. When, however, they have grown
) full maturity, they drop from the fleshy part
ito the shell, except the part by which it
ung attached to the flesh ; and these are the best

The Third Voyage

the harbor of Cadiz on the 8 th of September,
where we were received with great honor.
And so ended my second voyage, according
to the will of God.

The Third Voyage

I HAD taken up my abode in Seville, desiring to
rest myself a little, to recover from the toils and
hardships endured in the voyages described above,
intending finally to revisit the land of pearls.
But Fortune was by no means done with me.
For some reason unknown to me she caused his
most serene Lordship, Manuel, King of Portu-
gal, to send me a special messenger bearing a
letter which urgently begged me to go to
Lisbon as soon as possible, because he had some
important facts to communicate to me. I did
not even consider the proposition, but immedi-
ately sent word by the same messenger that I
was not feeling very well and in fact was ill at
that moment; adding that, if I should regain
my health and if it should still please His Royal
Majesty to enlist my services, I should gladly
undertake whatever he wished. Whereupon
the King, who saw that he could not bring me
to him just then, sent to me a second time,
commissioning Giuliano Bartolomeo Giocondo*,

* Probably a relative of Fra Giovanni, a Dominican, later Franciscan
£iar, architect, and archaeologbt, associated with Raphael and Sangallo
in the erection of St. Peter's, builder of a bridge across the Seine and
collector of more than 2,000 ancient inscriptions (i430?-i5i5 ?).

133

The Third Voyage

en in Lisbon, to leave no stone unturned to
ing me back to the King. Upon the arrival
' the said Giuliano I was moved by his en-
:aties to return with him to the King — a deci-
in which was disapproved of by all those who
lew me. For I was leaving Castile, where
) small degree of honor had been shown me
id where the King himself held me in high
teem. What was even worse was that I de-
irted without taking leave of my host. I soon
esented myself before King Manuel, who
emed to rejoice greatly at my arrival. He
en repeatedly asked me to set out with three
ips which had been got ready to start in search

The Third Voyage

the Torrid Zone, within the first climate, and
at a spot where the North Pole rises fourteen
degrees above the horizon. We remained here
eleven days to take on supplies of wood and of
water, because it was my intention to sail south-
ward through the Atlantic Ocean. We left that
harbor of Ethiopia and sailed to the southwest
for sixty-seven days, when we reached an island
700 leagues to the southwest of the above-men-
tioned harbor. During these days we encoun-
tered worse weather than any human being had
ever before experienced at sea. There were high
winds and violent rainstorms which caused us
countless hardships. The reason for such inclem-
ent weather was that our ships kept sailing
along the equinoctial line, where it is winter in
the month of June and the days are as long as
the nights, and where our own shadows pointed
always to the south.

At last it pleased God to show us new land
on the 17th of August. We anchored one
league and a half out at sea, and then, embark-
ing in some small boats, we set out to see
whether or not the land was inhabited. We
found that it was thickly inhabited by men who
were worse than animals, as Your Royal Majesty
will learn forthwith. Upon landing we did not
see any of the natives, although from many signs
which we noticed we concluded that the country

^35

1

The Third Voyage

ist have many inhabitants. Wc took posses-
>n of the coast in the name of the most serene
ng of Castile, and found it to be a pleasant
d fruitful and lovely land. It is five degrees
ith of the Equator. The same day we re-
"ned to our ships; and since we were suffer-
; from the lack of fuel and water, we agreed
land again the following day and provide
rselves with what was necessary. Upon land-
l we saw on the topmost ridge of a hill many
uple who did not venture to descend. They
rre all naked and similar in both appearance
d color to those we had met in the former
yages. Though we did our best to make

The Third Voyage

that they were thus inviting us, we rowed to the
land. We now saw that a great horde of natives
had collected, who, however, kept far away
from us, making many signs that we should go
with them into the interior. Wherefore two of
our Christians declared themselves ready to risk
their lives in this undertaking and to visit the
natives in order to see for themselves what kind
of people they were and whether they possessed
any riches or aromatic spices. They begged the
commander of the fleet so earnestly that he gave
his consent to their departure. The two then
prepared themselves for the expedition, taking
along many trifles, for barter with the natives,
and left us, with the understanding that they
should make sure to return after five days at the
most, as we should wait for them no longer.

They accordingly began their journey inland,
and we returned to our ships, where we waited
for eight whole days. On almost each of these
days a new crowd would come to the shore, but
never did they show a desire to enter into con-
versation with us. On the seventh day, while
we again were making our way to the shore,
we discovered that the natives had brought all
their wives with them. As soon as we landed
they sent many of their women to talk with us.
But even the women did not trust us sufficiently.
While we were waiting for them to approach,

The Third Voyage

; decided to send to them one of our young
en who was very strong and agile ; and then,
at the women might be the less fearful, the
St of us embarked in our small boats. The
ung man advanced and mingled among the
jmen ; they all stood around him, and touched
d stroked him, wondering greatly at him. At
is point a woman came down from the hill
rrying a big club. When she reached the
ice where the young man was standing, she
uck him such a heavy blow from behind that
: immediately fell to the ground dead, Thc
ii of the women at once seized him and
agged him by the feet up the mountain.

The Third Voyage

fire which they had made, and eating them.
The men, too, made us similar signs, from
which we gathered that they had killed our twa
other Christians in the same manner and had
likewise eaten them. And in this respect at
least we felt sure that they were speaking the
truth.

We were thoroughly maddened by this^
taunting and by seeing with our own eyes the
inhuman way in which they had treated our
dead. More than forty of us, therefore, de-
termined to rush to the land and avenge such an
inhuman deed and such bestial cruelty. But the
commander of our ship would not give his con-
sent ; and so, being compelled to endure pas-
sively so serious and great an insult, we departed
with heavy hearts and^with a feeling of great
shame, due to the refusal of our captain.

Leaving that land we began to sail between
the East and South because the coast line ran in
that direction. We made many turns and land-
ings, in the course of which we did not see any
tribe which would have any intercourse with
us or approach us. We sailed at last so far that
we discovered a new land stretching out toward
the southwest. Here we rounded a cape (to
which we gave the name St. Vincent) and con-
tinued our voyage in a southwesterly direction.
This Cape St. Vincent is 150 leagues to the

139

<J

a safe place and then, em

boats, we reached land.

much kinder than the oth

efforts to make them our

crowned with success. V

among them trading and <

them, and discovered lar^

most of them still green,

dry on the tops of the tr

take along with us two o

might teach us their tongi

of them volunteered to

with us.

But, since it wearies me

in detail, may it suffice yo

that we left that harbor,

westerly direction, keeping
^r 1 J — -.. — : 1 — 1

The Third Voyage

lost sight of the Lesser Bear, and the Great
Bear itself appeared so low as to be scarcely vis-
ible above the horizon. We were then com-
pelled to guide ourselves by the stars of the
South Pole, which are far more numerous and
much larger and more brilliant than the stars of
our Pole. I therefore made a drawing of very
many of them, especially of those of the first
magnitude, together with the declinations of
their orbits around the South Pole, adding also
the diameters and semi-diameters of the stars
themselves — all of which can be readily seen in
my ** Four Voyages." In the course of the
voyage from Cape St. Augustine, we sailed 700
leagues — 100 toward the west and 600 toward
the southwest. Should any one desire to de-
scribe all that we saw in the course of that voy-
age, paper would not suffice him. We did not,
however, discover anything of great importance
with the exception of an infinite number of
cassia trees and of very many others which put
forth a peculiar kind of leaf. We saw, in ad-
dition, very many other wonderful things which
it would be tedious to enumerate.

We had now been on our voyage for almost
ten months; and, seeing that we discovered no
precious metals, we decided to depart thence
and to roam over another portion of the sea.
As soon as we had come to this conclusion, the

141

captains had informed mc
remain at sea only that m
As soon as my orders
left that coast and began c
on the 1 3 th of February,
the sun was approachin
4ind returning to this No
ours. We sailed so far th
fifty-two degrees above
could no longer see the si
Lesser Bear. For we v
April) 500 leagues dist
from which we had begt
age. On this day so vio.
we were forced to gather
vas and to run on with
^west wind blowing fierce
in ereat billows, in the n

The Third Voyage

your Majesty is very well aware, it was the be-
ginning of winter in that latitude. In the midst
of this tempest, however, on the 2nd of April,
we sighted land, and sailed along shore for
nearly twenty leagues. But we found it en-
tirely uninhabited and wild, a land which had
neither harbors nor inhabitants. I suppose it
was for the reason that it was so cold there that
no one could endure such a rigid climate.
Furthermore, we found ourselves in such great
danger and in the midst of so violent a storm
that the different ships could scarcely sight one
another. Wherefore the commander of the fleet
and I decided that we should signal to all our
shipmates to leave that coast, sail out to sea, and
make for Portugal.

This plan proved to be a good and necessary
one ; for, had we remained there one single
night longer, we should all have been lost. The
day after we left, so great a storm arose that we
feared we should be entirely submerged. For
this reason we then made many vows to go on
pilgrimages and performed other ceremonies, as
is customary with sailors. The storm raged
round us for five days, during which we could
never raise our sails. During the same time we
went 250 leagues out to sea, always getting
nearer and nearer the equinoctial line, where
both sea and sky became more moderate. And

143

of God we reached that
May. We rested there
stretch of coast facing
Sierra Leone. Then we
the Azores, which are 7
Leone. We reached t
July and again rested
then set sail for Lis
were 300 leagues to t
in the year 1502, we
of Lisbon, in good hea
only two ships. The th
at Sierra Leone, because
worthy.

In this third voyage,
nearly sixteen months,
we sailed without being

Oa.^— ^^mm «-VkA o«>/i«-c r\Ttr\f^ 1

The Fourth Voyage

The Fourth Voyage

I MUST still relate what I saw in my third
(sic) voyage. But, in truth, since I have already
been tired out by the length of the preceding
narratives, and since this voyage did not at all
end as I had hoped, on account of an accident
that befell us in the Atlantic Ocean, I may be
permitted (I trust), to be somewhat brief.

We left Lisbon in six ships with the inten-
tion of exploring an island situated toward the
horizon and known as Melcha. This island is
famous for its wealth, because it is a stopping
place for all ships coming from the Gangetic
and Indian Seas, precisely as Cadiz is the port
for all vessels going from east to west, or in the
opposite direction, as is the case with those ships
which sail hence for Calicut. This island of
Melcha is further to the west than Calicut and
more to the south, which we knew from the
following fact : that it is situated within sight
of the thirty-third degree of the Antarctic Pole.

And so, on the loth of May, 1503, we set
sail from Lisbon (as I have said above), and
made for the Cape Verde Islands, where we
took on some needed provisions and many other
necessary stores. We remained there twelve
days, and then set sail with a south wind, be-
cause the commander of the fleet, who was

145

command of us and the
good speed, and just as \^
within sight of our destii
lent a tempest arose, and
to rage, and Fortune be
for four days we could m
fact that we could see the
of that time. Finally
give up our attempts and
should have been our
ginning.

We therefore resumed
Suduesius wind blowing (
between the south and
sailed through those diffici
In consequence we went
almost three degrees, whc

The Fourth Voyage

was to us a most unfortunate island. Upon it
the commander of our fleet lost his ship, all
owing to his own obstinate mind and will.
His ship struck upon a rock^ sprung leaks,
and sank during the night of St. Lawrence, the
loth of August. With the exception of the
crew nothing was saved. The ship was of 300
tons, and the strength of our whole fleet lay
in her.

While we were all exerting ourselves to see
if we could not, perhaps, float her again, the
above-mentioned commander ordered me (among
other things) to go in a rowboat to the island
in search of a good harbor where we might all
draw up our ships in safety. That same com-
mander, however, did not wish me to go with
my own -ship, because it was manned by nine
sailors and was then busily engaged in assisting
the endangered ship. He insisted that I go and
find such a harbor, where he would restore my
ship to me in person. Upon receiving these
orders, I went to the island as he desired, taking
with me about half the number of my sailors.
The island was four leagues away, and hastening
thither I discovered a very fine harbor where
we might safely anchor our entire fleet. I had
now discovered the harbor, and there I spent
eight days waiting for the said commander and
the rest of our company. I was greatly dis-

147

order that they might sc
and at the same time he
take us with them to some
we had gotten near and
ings, those on board info
mander's ship had been
alone being saved. Yoi
imagine the great anxiet
this report, when I reali
leagues distant from Lis
needs return) in remo
Nevertheless, we resignc
that had come upon us a
First of all we returned
gathered supplies of w<
ship. The island, inde
ited and most inhospita
At^n\ nf Rnringr water, co

The Fourth Voyage

island were very large mice, lizards with forked
tails, and several serpents.

When we had got our provisions on board,
we set sail toward the south and southwest; for
we had received orders from the King, that, un-
less some great danger made it impossible, we
should follow in the path of our former voyage.
Setting out, therefore, in this direction, we at last
found a harbor which we called the Bay of All
Saints. Indeed, God had granted us such favor-
able weather that in less than seventeen days we
reached this port, which is 300 leagues distant
from the above-mentioned island. In the har-
bor we found neither the commander-in-chief
nor any one else of our company, though we
waited for them for two months and four days.
At the end of this period, seeing that no one
arrived there, my companions and I decided to
sail further along the coast. After sailing for
260 leagues, we entered a harbor where we de-
termined to build an outpost. Having done so,
we left behind in this fort the twenty- four
Christians who had been the crew of the luck-
less ship of our commander-in-chief. We re-
mained in that harbor five months, occupied in
constructing the said fort and in loading our
ships with brazil-wood. We tarried thus long
because our sailors were few in number and
because, owing to the lack of many necessary

149

^^M. V %^ C V4A10

and supplying them with
six months. During ot
friends with the tribes of
we have here made very li
standing that we saw gr
and had frequent dealings
we went about forty leagi
company with thirty of t
expedition very many thir
over in silence, reserving t
titled " The Four Voyag<
eight degrees south of th<
five degrees west of the m
cording to our instrument
We set sail hence wit
wind (which is between
northeast) shaping our cc

T • -1

T}^ Fourth Voyage

reason was that the entire city thought that we
had been lost at sea, as was the case with all
the rest of our fleet, who had perished owing to
the foolish haughtiness of our commander-in-
chief. Behold the manner in which God, the
just Judge of all, rewards pride!

I am now living at Lisbon, not knowing
what next your most serene Majesty wil! plan
for me to do. As for myself, I greatly desire
from now on to rest from my many hardships,
in the meantime earnestly commending to your
Majesty the bearer of the present letter.

Amerigo Vespucci,

in Lisbon.

Grfctiiigs from Walter Lud,

Nicholas Lud,

uid Manin Ilacomilui

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